# ChatGPT Uses

> Source: https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/chatgpt_uses
> Updated: 2026-05-09
> Categories: AI Tools & Products, ChatGPT
> From AI Wiki (https://aiwiki.ai), a free encyclopedia of artificial intelligence. Quote with attribution.

*See also: [ChatGPT](/wiki/chatgpt), [OpenAI](/wiki/openai), [Prompt Engineering](/wiki/prompt_engineering), [Custom GPTs](/wiki/custom_gpts), [GPT Store](/wiki/gpt_store).*

[ChatGPT](/wiki/chatgpt) is a general purpose chat assistant built by [OpenAI](/wiki/openai) on top of the GPT family of [large language models](/wiki/large_language_model). Since its public launch on November 30, 2022, it has grown from a research preview into one of the most widely used software services in the world. OpenAI said in October 2025 that ChatGPT had reached around 800 million weekly active users, up from roughly 700 million in August 2025 and 100 million weekly users in late 2023.[1][2] The product spans the free web app, paid Plus and Pro tiers, iOS and Android apps, desktop clients for macOS and Windows, voice mode, image generation through [DALL-E](/wiki/dall-e), file uploads, browsing, [Custom GPTs](/wiki/custom_gpts), and a [GPT Store](/wiki/gpt_store) of third party assistants. A single account that can draft an email, debug a SQL query, summarize a PDF, suggest a recipe, and translate a postcard tends to absorb work that used to be split across many tools.

This page is a gateway to the actual things people do with ChatGPT in 2026. It covers personal productivity, [programming](/wiki/programming), [education](/wiki/education), [writing](/wiki/writing), research and analysis, business and customer service, creative work, translation, mental health adjacent uses, [healthcare](/wiki/health) information, [legal](/wiki/legal) and [finance](/wiki/finance) questions, lifestyle, and [travel](/wiki/travel) planning, then adoption data from OpenAI, the Pew Research Center, the OECD, and McKinsey, and the concerns the technology raises around hallucination, privacy, over reliance, and deskilling.

## Basic

- Summarization
- Question and answer
- Fact extraction
- Re-write text
- Title suggestion
- Synonyms

These are the core building blocks of almost every other use case on this page. A user pastes a long passage and asks for a three sentence summary. They paste a contract and ask what their obligations are. They feed in raw notes and ask for cleaner prose. The same pattern, prompt plus paste plus polish, shows up in every section below.

## Personal productivity

The biggest single bucket of consumer use is everyday productivity. Pew Research Center's 2025 survey found 34 percent of US adults had used ChatGPT, double the 18 percent in 2023, with the most common reasons being finding information, learning, task help, and entertainment.[3] OpenAI's September 2025 analysis with the NBER found close to 70 percent of consumer messages are non-work, with practical guidance, writing, and seeking information as the largest clusters.[4][5]

| Task | What people ask for | Why it sticks |
|---|---|---|
| Email drafting | Polite reply to a difficult message; cold outreach; resignation letter | Fast first draft, fewer blank pages |
| Inbox triage | Summarize this thread; what is this person asking | Cuts through long forwarded chains |
| Meeting prep | Turn these notes into an agenda; draft talking points | Replaces the blank document at 9 a.m. |
| Summarization | Three bullets of this PDF; gist of this transcript | Compresses long sources into something skimmable |
| Brainstorming | Ten names for a side project; gift ideas under fifty dollars | Lowers cost of generating options |
| Decisions | Pros and cons of these two job offers | Structured second opinion |
| Office assist | Inside Word, Excel, Outlook, Docs, Gmail via Copilot or Gemini | ChatGPT still gets free-form drafts the suite tools refuse |

McKinsey's 2024 State of AI survey found that 65 percent of organizations were regularly using generative AI in at least one business function, nearly double the share from ten months earlier, and that the top use cases inside companies overlap with the consumer list: first drafts, summarization, ideation, and personal task assistance.[6] The report also noted that personal use by employees was substantially higher than formal employer rollouts, a pattern called shadow AI.

## Coding and debugging

Programming is a strong fit for ChatGPT. The OpenAI and NBER analysis found programming queries account for roughly a third of API and ChatGPT messages on the work side.[4] Stack Overflow's 2024 Developer Survey found 76 percent of professional developers were using or planning to use AI tools, with ChatGPT the most used by a wide margin.[7] See the [Programming](/wiki/programming) gateway for a fuller treatment.

Typical asks include:

- Explain what this function does, line by line
- Why is this loop printing the wrong value
- Convert this [Python](/wiki/python) script to JavaScript
- Write a regex that matches X but not Y
- Generate unit tests for this module
- Read this stack trace and tell me what to look at first
- Build a small CLI that does the following

ChatGPT competes here with [GitHub Copilot](/wiki/github_copilot), Cursor, Claude Code, and other in-editor assistants. Its strength is the conversational debugging loop where a developer pastes a 200 line file, talks through it for ten turns, pastes an error, and walks away with a fix. Its weakness is that it does not see the rest of the codebase by default and will sometimes invent function names or library APIs that look right but do not exist. The mitigation in 2025 was Code Interpreter, file uploads, the desktop app's screen reading, and Custom GPTs grounded on a specific repository.

## Learning and tutoring

ChatGPT has become a default homework companion and self-study tutor. The [Education](/wiki/education) gateway covers the broader picture, including specialized AI tutors and school policies. The patterns are simple: students paste a math problem and ask for the steps, paste a paragraph from a textbook and ask for a plainer explanation, or ask ChatGPT to quiz them on Spanish irregular verbs before an exam.

A Pew survey from January 2025 found that 26 percent of US teens aged 13 to 17 reported using ChatGPT for schoolwork, double the 13 percent recorded the year before.[8] OpenAI's launch of ChatGPT Edu in 2024, a tier with stronger privacy controls, recognized that classroom use had moved to formal infrastructure at Arizona State, Wharton, Oxford, and Columbia.[9]

| Learner profile | How ChatGPT shows up | Common pitfalls |
|---|---|---|
| Middle and high school | Homework help, essay feedback, language drills | Doing the work for the student rather than coaching |
| Undergraduate | Concept explanations, code help, exam review | Hallucinated citations in papers |
| Graduate and professional | Literature scoping, jargon translation, draft critique | Confidently wrong technical details |
| Adult learner | Language practice, career changers picking up code | Plateaus when systemic mistakes go uncorrected |
| Lifelong curiosity | Just asking what something means | Confusing fluent answers with verified facts |

A 2024 Stanford study and a 2025 OECD review noted short term gains in narrow domains like math practice, but warned long term effects on retention, motivation, and writing remain unsettled.[10][11] ChatGPT is an excellent first responder for confused students and a mediocre replacement for an attentive teacher.

## Writing and editing

The [Writing](/wiki/writing) gateway covers the broader landscape. Common ChatGPT writing tasks include first drafts of blog posts, marketing copy, cover letters, wedding speeches, and condolences; tone adjustment; grammar and clarity passes; outline expansion; and prose compression into bullets. The OpenAI and NBER paper put writing at roughly 28 percent of consumer messages, the largest category after practical guidance.[4]

Resume and cover letter rewrites are extremely common. Wedding toasts, eulogies, and apology letters are steady use cases despite the emotional weight. Authors on longer projects often use [Claude](/wiki/claude) for sustained tone, but ChatGPT remains the daily driver for short-form writing because it is fast and connected to [DALL-E](/wiki/dall-e) for headers.

## Research and analysis

Research is messier. ChatGPT can scan a corpus, summarize sources, and propose hypotheses, but its tendency to fabricate plausible citations is the central weakness; see [Hallucination](/wiki/hallucination). Practical patterns that work in 2026:

- Pasting a single document and asking for extraction or comparison
- Uploading a CSV and asking for descriptive statistics or charts via Code Interpreter
- Using ChatGPT search to answer a factual question with cited links, then opening those links manually
- Asking for a list of search queries to run, rather than asking for the answer directly
- Using Deep Research, a longer running mode introduced in 2025 that produces multi-page reports with inline citations

For structured data work see [Data Analysis](/wiki/data_analysis); for the limits see the section on hallucinations below.

## Customer service and business

Businesses use ChatGPT and the underlying API in two main ways: inside customer-facing chatbots, and as a back office assistant for support agents. Klarna's customer service assistant was handling roughly two thirds of its support chats in 2024, doing the work of about 700 full time agents, with average resolution time falling from 11 minutes to under 2 minutes.[12] Shopify's Sidekick and Stripe's GPT-4 support tools follow the same pattern. Internal uses include drafting policy documents, summarizing customer feedback, and producing first-pass [marketing](/wiki/marketing) plans. McKinsey reported that the highest revenue gains from generative AI were in marketing and sales, with the highest cost reductions in service operations.[6]

### Online marketing

- Write product descriptions
- Write brand descriptions
- Write blog posts

These were the original three use cases on this page and remain among the highest volume tasks for marketers. Common adjacent asks include SEO meta descriptions, email sequences, social captions, ad headlines, and landing page copy. Marketing teams often build [Custom GPTs](/wiki/custom_gpts) on top of brand guidelines so every draft starts with the right voice.

### Video

- Write YouTube scripts

This remains a popular ChatGPT task. Creators paste a topic and ask for a hook, a three-act outline, and an end-card pitch. Some pair this with [Sora](/wiki/sora) for short visual clips or with image generation for thumbnails. Podcast hosts use the same pattern for show notes and chapter titles.

## Creative work

Creative use spans short fiction, role play, poetry, song lyrics, tabletop dungeon mastering, fan fiction, screenwriting drafts, and image generation through DALL-E. The November 2023 launch of Custom GPTs and the January 2024 launch of the [GPT Store](/wiki/gpt_store) made it possible for users to publish niche assistants like writing partners, character roleplay bots, and dungeon masters now used by tens of millions of people.[13]

| Creative task | Typical workflow |
|---|---|
| Short fiction | Set a premise; iterate on first paragraph; expand scene by scene |
| Worldbuilding | Setting bibles, character sheets, faction maps |
| Tabletop RPG | Player describes action; ChatGPT runs the world as dungeon master |
| Lyrics and poetry | Several drafts in different forms, then polish |
| Screenwriting | Beats, dialogue passes, voice consistency checks |
| Image generation | DALL-E for posters, illustrations, mood boards |
| Comic panels | Storyboard description plus DALL-E for each panel |

Writers note ChatGPT works best as a sparring partner rather than a ghostwriter. Long sections produced without human intervention drift toward generic prose; the strongest workflows alternate model drafts with line-by-line human rewrites.

## Translation and language learning

ChatGPT is a credible general purpose translator across major languages, strong on European pairs and improving on Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Arabic, and Hindi. The conversational interface lets users ask follow-up questions about word choice, idioms, or formality. See the [Language Learning](/wiki/language_learning) gateway for the broader landscape.

Common language tasks:

- Translate this email into business Japanese
- Explain why this French sentence uses the subjunctive
- Quiz me on Spanish irregular preterite verbs
- Read this Korean menu and tell me what I can order vegetarian
- Practice a job interview in Mandarin and correct my mistakes

The 2024 Voice Mode turned ChatGPT into a usable conversational practice partner for learners. Duolingo and Babbel still beat ChatGPT for structured curriculum, but informal practice and quick translation lookups are now ChatGPT territory.

## Therapy and companionship

A growing share of users treat ChatGPT as a stand-in for journaling, venting, or low stakes emotional support. It is not a licensed therapist, but 24 hour availability and zero marginal cost make it an on-ramp for people who would otherwise have nowhere to talk. Pew and the OpenAI usage paper flagged emotional support and companionship as a growing category.[3][4]

The trade-offs are sharp. Benefits include accessibility, anonymity, and the ability to think out loud without burdening a friend. Risks include advice that contradicts mental health best practice, missed crisis cues, and substitution for human relationships. In 2025 OpenAI introduced safe completion training and stricter behavior in conversations that touch on self harm, partly in response to lawsuits and reporting on tragic cases.[14] The product routes users in distress to crisis lines, but the limits of a chat interface for serious mental health needs are real. For dedicated companion apps see Replika and Character.AI; ChatGPT does not market itself as one, even though many users treat it that way.

## Healthcare information

People ask ChatGPT about medical symptoms constantly. Pew's 2024 health survey showed millions of users had looked up symptoms, drug interactions, lab interpretations, and wellness questions.[15] The model's medical knowledge is competent at the level of a good consumer health website.

The caveats are large. ChatGPT is not a doctor, cannot examine you, does not have your records, and can hallucinate dosages, interactions, and guidelines. A 2023 JAMA Internal Medicine study found that physicians rated ChatGPT responses to patient questions as higher quality and more empathetic than physician responses on a Reddit health forum, but the responses had not been checked for safety.[16] A 2024 BMJ Quality and Safety paper showed ChatGPT performed reasonably on medical board questions but produced incorrect medication dosing in a meaningful share of free response answers.[17] Use ChatGPT to understand a topic, prepare questions for a doctor, and decode jargon in a lab report. It is not a substitute for clinical evaluation. See the [Health](/wiki/health) page for the broader picture.

## Legal and financial

Legal and financial questions follow the healthcare pattern: high demand, real value for understanding documents, clear danger when treated as a final answer. People use ChatGPT to read leases, understand contract clauses, draft cease and desist letters, prepare for small claims hearings, and explain tax forms.

The 2023 Mata v. Avianca case in the Southern District of New York is the canonical cautionary tale: two attorneys submitted a brief citing six fictitious cases ChatGPT had invented, and were sanctioned.[18] Similar incidents have followed across the United States and the United Kingdom. The lesson is that any citation ChatGPT produces must be verified in a real legal database before going anywhere near a court.

For finance, common uses include explaining tax forms, comparing mortgages, building budgets, and decoding investment jargon. Banks and brokerages have rolled out their own GPT-4 powered assistants. ChatGPT is unsuitable for live trading advice, lacking real time market data and full financial context. See the [Legal](/wiki/legal) and [Finance](/wiki/finance) pages for fuller treatments.

## Cooking, recipes, and lifestyle

Lifestyle queries are a quietly enormous part of usage. Users ask for dinner recipes given fridge contents, cocktail variations, gluten free substitutes, training meal plans, fitness routines, gardening advice, pet care, home repair walkthroughs, gift suggestions, and outfit ideas. The OpenAI and NBER paper put practical guidance at roughly 29 percent of consumer messages, the single largest category, with household and lifestyle topics a large share of that bucket.[4]

| Lifestyle category | Common ask |
|---|---|
| Cooking | Recipe given my fridge; sub for buttermilk; how to salt a brisket |
| Fitness | Four day split for a 35 year old runner; desk worker mobility |
| Gardening | What to plant in zone 7; why are my tomato leaves yellow |
| Pets | Why is my cat doing this; safe foods for dogs; vet prep |
| Home repair | What is this noise; how to patch drywall |
| Style | Outfit for a winter wedding; smart casual decoder |
| Gifts | Thirty dollar gift for a coworker who reads sci-fi |

The model is unreliable on quantity-sensitive cooking past common recipes, and gardening and pet advice can be regionally wrong, so cross checking with a real source is wise. ChatGPT has absorbed a substantial fraction of casual lifestyle searches that used to go to Google.

## Travel planning

The [Travel](/wiki/travel) page covers AI in tourism more broadly. Inside ChatGPT, travel is a top consumer use case. Users ask for itineraries, restaurant recommendations, packing lists, visa requirements, jet lag plans, and translations of menus and signs. ChatGPT search makes day-of trip planning more usable, and the iOS app's voice mode handles real-time translation abroad.

Common patterns:

- Ten day Japan itinerary for a couple in their thirties who like food and hiking
- Vegetarian friendly restaurants near a hotel address
- What to pack for Iceland in March
- Visa rules for a US passport holder visiting Vietnam
- Translate this Italian train ticket and tell me what platform

Most travelers cross check ChatGPT recommendations against Google Maps reviews and Wikivoyage, since restaurant lists and visa rules can be out of date. The strength is the speed of producing a draft itinerary a human can then sanity check.

## Adoption and usage data

ChatGPT's growth curve is unusual for a service that did not exist before late 2022.

| Date | Milestone | Source |
|---|---|---|
| November 30, 2022 | Public launch as research preview | OpenAI[19] |
| January 2023 | 100M monthly users, fastest consumer ramp on record | Reuters[20] |
| March 2023 | GPT-4 launches, Plus gets the upgrade | OpenAI[21] |
| November 2023 | DevDay, Custom GPTs, GPT-4 Turbo | OpenAI[13] |
| January 2024 | GPT Store opens | OpenAI[13] |
| May 2024 | GPT-4o multimodal model with native voice | OpenAI |
| August 2024 | 200M weekly active users | Reuters[1] |
| December 2024 | 300M weekly active users | OpenAI[22] |
| February 2025 | 400M weekly active users | OpenAI |
| August 2025 | 700M weekly active users | OpenAI[2] |
| October 2025 | 800M weekly active users | OpenAI[2] |

Independent surveys confirm the picture. Pew reported in June 2025 that 34 percent of US adults had used ChatGPT, up from 18 percent in 2023.[3] The OECD's 2024 Survey of Adult Skills follow-up found 28 percent of working age adults in member countries had used a generative AI tool the previous month.[11] McKinsey reported 65 percent of organizations had adopted generative AI in at least one function.[6] Bloomberg tracked OpenAI revenue past an annualized 12 billion US dollars in mid 2025.[23]

## Concerns and limitations

### Hallucination

The most cited weakness is the tendency to produce confident, fluent answers that are simply wrong. See [Hallucination](/wiki/hallucination) for depth. The model predicts plausible next text rather than retrieved facts, and when it lacks grounded information it fills the gap with prose that looks authoritative. The Mata v. Avianca legal sanctions, fabricated academic citations, and medical dosing errors are the visible tip of a larger pattern.[18][17] OpenAI has invested heavily in mitigations: Retrieval Augmented Generation, ChatGPT search, file uploads, Code Interpreter, Deep Research, and tighter training. The problem is reduced, not solved.

### Privacy

ChatGPT conversations are processed on OpenAI's servers, and the free tier policy historically used conversations to train future models unless users opted out. Italy's data protection authority briefly banned ChatGPT in March 2023 over GDPR concerns, lifting the ban after OpenAI added data export, opt-out, and age verification controls.[24] OpenAI has since shipped enterprise tiers with no training on customer data, the ChatGPT Edu privacy tier, and chat history toggles. The general advice is to assume anything pasted into the free tier could influence future models, and to use the enterprise or API tier for sensitive material. The 2023 bug that briefly exposed some users' chat titles to others is a reminder that the system is software, not a vault.[25]

### Over reliance and deskilling

A 2025 paper from Microsoft and Carnegie Mellon researchers surveyed 319 knowledge workers and found that higher trust in generative AI tools was associated with less critical thinking effort, particularly on routine tasks.[26] Classroom studies have raised similar concerns about students using ChatGPT to skip the struggle of first drafts, with measurable effects on later unaided writing.[27] The pattern is not unique to AI; calculators and spell checkers prompted the same worries. ChatGPT changes which skills get practiced, sometimes strengthening judgment and sometimes eroding it, depending heavily on how it is used.

### Bias and misuse

ChatGPT's training data reflects biases of the public internet and the human feedback used to align the model. Researchers have documented gender, racial, and political biases, and OpenAI has published model cards and a Model Spec describing how it manages them. The product is much better than in 2022 but is not neutral on contested topics. The same versatility that makes it useful enables spam, scam writing, school cheating, content farms, and disinformation. OpenAI bans accounts that violate its policies, including state-sponsored influence operations disclosed in 2024 and 2025.

## See also

[ChatGPT](/wiki/chatgpt), [OpenAI](/wiki/openai), [GPT-4](/wiki/gpt-4), [GPT-4o](/wiki/gpt_4o), [DALL-E](/wiki/dall-e), [Sora](/wiki/sora), [Custom GPTs](/wiki/custom_gpts), [GPT Store](/wiki/gpt_store), [Plugins](/wiki/plugins), [Prompt Engineering](/wiki/prompt_engineering), [Generative AI](/wiki/generative_ai), [Large Language Model](/wiki/large_language_model), [Hallucination](/wiki/hallucination), [Programming](/wiki/programming), [Education](/wiki/education), [Writing](/wiki/writing), [Marketing](/wiki/marketing), [Data Analysis](/wiki/data_analysis), [Language Learning](/wiki/language_learning), [Travel](/wiki/travel), [Health](/wiki/health), [Legal](/wiki/legal), [Finance](/wiki/finance), [Sam Altman](/wiki/sam_altman), [Microsoft](/wiki/microsoft).

## References

1. Reuters, "OpenAI's weekly active users surpass 400 million," February 20, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/openais-weekly-active-users-surpass-400-million-2025-02-20/
2. OpenAI / Sam Altman, DevDay 2025 keynote remarks; reported in Reuters, "OpenAI says ChatGPT has 800 million weekly users," October 6, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/openai-says-chatgpt-has-800-million-weekly-users-2025-10-06/
3. Pew Research Center, "34% of U.S. adults have used ChatGPT, about double the share in 2023," June 25, 2025, https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/06/25/34-of-us-adults-have-used-chatgpt-about-double-the-share-in-2023/
4. Chatterji, A., Cunningham, T., Deming, D., Hitzig, Z., Ong, C., Shan, C., Wadman, K., "How People Use ChatGPT," NBER Working Paper 34255, September 2025, https://www.nber.org/papers/w34255
5. OpenAI, "How people are using ChatGPT," September 15, 2025, https://openai.com/index/how-people-are-using-chatgpt/
6. McKinsey & Company, "The state of AI in early 2024: Gen AI adoption spikes and starts to generate value," May 30, 2024, https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/the-state-of-ai
7. Stack Overflow, "2024 Developer Survey: AI," https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2024/ai
8. Pew Research Center, "About a quarter of U.S. teens have used ChatGPT for schoolwork, double the share in 2023," January 15, 2025, https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/01/15/about-a-quarter-of-us-teens-have-used-chatgpt-for-schoolwork-double-the-share-in-2023/
9. OpenAI, "Introducing ChatGPT Edu," May 30, 2024, https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-edu/
10. Stanford Graduate School of Education, "Tutoring program shows promise as a model for AI-assisted classroom learning," 2024, https://ed.stanford.edu/news/tutoring-program-shows-promise-model-ai-assisted-classroom-learning
11. OECD, "Putting AI to the test," 2024, https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/putting-ai-to-the-test_2c297e0b-en.html
12. Klarna, "Klarna AI assistant handles two-thirds of customer service chats in its first month," February 27, 2024, https://www.klarna.com/international/press/klarna-ai-assistant-handles-two-thirds-of-customer-service-chats-in-its-first-month/
13. OpenAI, "Introducing GPTs," November 6, 2023, https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpts/
14. New York Times, coverage of OpenAI safety updates and lawsuits, 2024-2025; OpenAI, "Safe completions and updated default behaviors," 2025, https://openai.com/index/safety/
15. Pew Research Center, "Americans and AI in everyday tasks," 2024, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2024/02/22/americans-views-of-ai/
16. Ayers, J. W., et al., "Comparing Physician and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Patient Questions Posted to a Public Social Media Forum," *JAMA Internal Medicine*, April 28, 2023, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2804309
17. Walker, H. L., et al., "Reliability of medical information provided by ChatGPT: assessment against clinical guidelines and patient information quality instrument," *BMJ Quality & Safety*, 2024, https://qualitysafety.bmj.com/
18. Mata v. Avianca, Inc., 22-cv-1461 (S.D.N.Y. June 22, 2023); coverage in Reuters, "New York lawyers sanctioned for using fake ChatGPT cases in legal brief," June 22, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/new-york-lawyers-sanctioned-using-fake-chatgpt-cases-legal-brief-2023-06-22/
19. OpenAI, "Introducing ChatGPT," November 30, 2022, https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/
20. Reuters, "ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base," February 2, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/
21. OpenAI, "GPT-4," March 14, 2023, https://openai.com/index/gpt-4/
22. OpenAI, "12 Days of OpenAI," December 2024 announcements; reported in Reuters and CNBC at the time.
23. Bloomberg, coverage of OpenAI revenue and valuation, 2024-2025; e.g., "OpenAI revenue on pace to top $12 billion this year," 2025, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/openai-revenue
24. BBC News, "ChatGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns," April 1, 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65139406; and "Italy lifts ChatGPT ban after OpenAI privacy concessions," April 28, 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65431914
25. OpenAI, "March 20 ChatGPT outage: Here's what happened," March 24, 2023, https://openai.com/index/march-20-chatgpt-outage/
26. Lee, H., et al., "The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking," Microsoft Research and Carnegie Mellon University, 2025, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/the-impact-of-generative-ai-on-critical-thinking/
27. Wikipedia, "ChatGPT," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT