# Doosan Robotics

> Source: https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/doosan_robotics
> Updated: 2026-06-23
> Categories: Robotics, Robotics Companies
> From AI Wiki (https://aiwiki.ai), a free encyclopedia of artificial intelligence. Quote with attribution.

**Doosan Robotics Inc.** is a South Korean robotics company that designs and manufactures [collaborative robots](/wiki/collaborative_robot) (cobots) for industrial, food-service, and emerging humanoid applications. Established in 2015 as a subsidiary of Doosan Corporation, the company is headquartered in Suwon, Gyeonggi Province, and is one of the largest cobot vendors globally. By 2022, Doosan Robotics held the leading position in South Korea's domestic collaborative-robot market and ranked fifth among cobot suppliers worldwide, with an estimated 72 percent share of the global market for cobots rated at 20 kg or more. [3][21] The company listed on the KOSPI on October 5, 2023, raising about KRW 421.2 billion (roughly USD 317 million) in the largest South Korean initial public offering of that year by proceeds. [4][5]

Since 2024 Doosan Robotics has been pivoting from a pure hardware vendor toward what it calls an "intelligent robot solutions" provider, integrating AI software, partner ecosystems, and a planned move into industrial humanoid robots. [19] The company has built partnerships with [Nvidia](/wiki/nvidia), Microsoft, and Amazon Web Services to embed foundation models and natural-language interfaces into its cobot stack, and in 2025 it acquired a controlling stake in U.S. integrator ONExia to anchor a North American manufacturing and engineering base. [12][13]

## When was Doosan Robotics founded?

Doosan Robotics Inc. was incorporated on July 31, 2015, after Doosan Group selected robotics as one of its new growth engines. [3] The parent group, Doosan Corporation, is one of South Korea's oldest *chaebol* and traces its origins to 1896, with major businesses in construction equipment (Doosan Bobcat), heavy machinery, energy systems (Doosan Enerbility), fuel cells, and advanced materials. Robotics gave the conglomerate a foothold in factory automation that complemented its existing exposure to manufacturing and infrastructure.

The company is headquartered in Suwon, in Gyeonggi Province south of Seoul, where it operates an [industrial robot](/wiki/industrial_robot) production facility with an annual capacity of around 10,000 units, an Innovation Lab, and a Prototyping Lab. [1] In September 2025 the firm consolidated its AI and software research at a separate Doosan Robotics Innovation Center in Bundang, also in Gyeonggi. [18]

After roughly three years of internal research and development, Doosan Robotics shipped its first cobots in 2017 and began mass production in 2018. By the end of 2021 the company had become the first Korean cobot maker to record annual sales of more than 1,000 units, and by 2022 North America and Europe contributed around 60 to 70 percent of revenue, an unusual export ratio for a Korean industrial-equipment vendor at that scale. [25]

### Leadership

Leadership at Doosan Robotics has rotated between professional managers and members of the founding Park family that controls Doosan Group. Park In-won, a fourth-generation member of the family, was appointed CEO in December 2022 and has overseen the IPO and the AI pivot. [3] The company has at times operated under a multi-CEO structure that pairs an operating CEO with a chief strategy officer and a chief financial officer in co-CEO roles, a common arrangement at large Korean corporations. Kevin Kim (Kim Min-pyo) led the strategy and AI-transformation messaging through 2024 and 2025, including the announcement of the company's humanoid roadmap. [18]

## What cobots does Doosan Robotics make?

Doosan Robotics organizes its cobots into letter-coded series: M for general-purpose, A for high-speed precision, H for high payload, P (PRIME) for palletizing and long reach, and E for hygiene-rated food and beverage applications. Each series spans several models that vary by reach and payload. The naming convention generally combines a series letter with a four-digit code reflecting payload and reach (for example, the M0617 carries 6 kg over a 1700 mm reach). The full lineup spans payloads from 5 kg to 30 kg, which Doosan markets as the broadest cobot payload range in the industry. [22]

### Cobot lineup

| Series | Representative models | Payload | Reach | Year introduced | Primary use cases |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M-Series | M0609, M0617, M1013, M1509 | 6 to 15 kg | 900 to 1700 mm | 2017 to 2018 | General assembly, packaging, machine tending |
| A-Series | A0509, A0509S, A0912, A0912S | 5 to 9 kg | 900 to 1200 mm | 2021 | High-speed precision tasks, electronics, inspection |
| H-Series | H2017, H2515 | 20 to 25 kg | 1500 to 1700 mm | 2020 | Heavy machine tending, large-format assembly, palletizing |
| E-Series | E0509, E0509S | 5 kg | 900 mm | 2023 | Coffee, frying, dessert and food-service automation (NSF, IP66 rated) |
| P-Series (PRIME) | P3020 | 30 kg | 2030 mm | 2024 | High-stack palletizing from floor to two metres |

All Doosan cobots use proprietary six-axis precision torque sensors at every joint, which the company markets as a key differentiator for collision detection and contact-rich tasks. [1] Repeatability is rated at around plus or minus 0.03 mm for the M-Series, plus or minus 0.05 mm for the E-Series, and plus or minus 0.1 mm for the heavier P-Series. The P3020, unveiled at Automate 2024, removes the fourth axis and increases sixth-axis speed to 360 degrees per second; Doosan states it draws roughly 25 percent less power than competing 30 kg cobots through a built-in gravity compensation mechanism, and it is rated to PL e and Cat 4 functional safety. [14][16]

### Software and platform stack

The native programming environment is **Doosan Robot Language** (DRL), a Python-flavoured scripting language for motion, I/O, and force control. DRL programs run inside **DART-Studio**, a Windows IDE that supports both online programming on a connected robot and offline programming through plug-ins for simulators such as RoboDK. DRL Studio has also been packaged as a JetBrains IntelliJ plug-in for users who prefer a richer code editor.

The broader **Dart-Suite** platform, introduced at CES 2024, is an open ecosystem of reusable robot components, third-party hardware drivers, and AI modules built on top of DART-Studio. [17] It functions analogously to Universal Robots' URCap marketplace, letting integrators publish skills and end-effector packages that any Doosan cobot can install. Dart-Suite is positioned as the foundation for Doosan's later "Intelligent Robot Solution" plug-and-play offering. Doosan also publishes ROS and ROS 2 drivers, and the cobot controllers can run as nodes within a [Robot Operating System](/wiki/ros) graph.

## What is Doosan Robotics used for?

### Manufacturing automation

Industrial deployments dominate Doosan's revenue. Cobots are sold for pick-and-place and machine tending in metal-cutting cells, plastic injection moulding, semiconductor fab back-end packaging, and electronic assembly lines. The H-Series in particular is positioned for heavy machine tending in CNC environments, where 25 kg payload covers most chuck-load tasks. Welding cobots wrap a Doosan arm with a torch package and a wire feeder, with several integrators offering pre-engineered welding cells around the M1013 and H2017.

Palletizing has become a flagship application: the P3020 can stack up to ten layers of standard boxes from a fixed base without an external lift column, which simplifies retrofits in warehouses with limited ceiling height. [16]

### Food and beverage

Doosan Robotics has built a recognisable presence in service robotics for cafes and restaurants, primarily in South Korea. **Dr. Presso** is a robot barista station combining an M-Series or E-Series cobot with an Eversys Cameo automatic espresso machine, capable of preparing 15 hot or iced drinks and operating around the clock. [23] The unit weighs roughly 380 kg and is one of the few barista robots that can place lids on takeaway cups. Doosan supplied a Dr. Presso variant to Mega MGC Coffee, one of South Korea's largest coffee chains, in 2024. [24] The E-Series itself was launched in April 2023 with NSF and IP66 hygiene ratings to address food-service installations directly.

The company has also publicised cobot-driven ice-cream kiosks, fried-chicken kitchens (a partnership with one of Korea's largest fried-chicken chains), and dessert robots. At CES 2024 it demonstrated **Mixmaster Moodie**, a cocktail bartender that uses Microsoft Azure OpenAI to map a guest's facial expression to one of 24 ChatGPT-designed drinks, paired with Bridgestone's soft "Tetote" rubber-muscle gripper. [17] **Oscar the Sorter**, also shown at CES 2024, is an AI-powered recycling cobot that learns to recognise and sort items autonomously and won a CES Innovation Award in 2024. [17]

### Partner and integrator ecosystem

Outside Korea, Doosan reaches end customers through a dealer and integrator network in roughly 100 countries. In the United States, Air-Oil Systems, Ellison Technologies, Mills CNC, ONExia, and Rhino Tool House have been long-running integrator partners. In Europe, distribution runs through DR Europe based in Düsseldorf, with a service centre in Heerhugowaard, Netherlands, opened in 2024. [1]

## How big was the Doosan Robotics IPO?

Doosan Robotics priced its initial public offering at the top of its KRW 21,000 to 26,000 indicative range, selling 16.2 million shares at KRW 26,000 to raise approximately KRW 421.2 billion (about USD 317 million at prevailing rates). [4][6] The offering attracted around KRW 33.1 trillion of retail subscription deposits, one of the largest demand pools of the year on the KOSPI, and the book build drew 1,920 institutional investors including Norway's Norges Bank Investment Management, Singapore's GIC, BlackRock, and Goldman Sachs. [7] Trading began on October 5, 2023.

The stock opened at KRW 59,100, roughly 127 percent above the IPO price, and traded as high as 160 percent up intraday before closing the first session at KRW 51,400, almost double the offer price. [4][5] That first-day market capitalisation of around KRW 3.33 trillion (approximately USD 2.5 billion at the time) put it inside the KOSPI top 100. [5] The 2023 IPO was the largest in Korea that calendar year by capital raised. Subsequent share-price performance has been volatile, with the stock falling on cobot competition concerns and rising on AI- and humanoid-related announcements.

### Key dates

| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| July 31, 2015 | Doosan Robotics Inc. incorporated as a Doosan Group subsidiary |
| 2017 | First M-Series cobots shipped |
| 2018 | Mass production begins in Suwon |
| 2020 | H-Series high-payload cobots launched; Dr. Presso barista robot debuts |
| April 2023 | E-Series food and beverage cobot line launched |
| October 5, 2023 | KOSPI listing under ticker 454910 at KRW 26,000 |
| January 2024 | CES 2024 unveiling of Dart-Suite, Mixmaster Moodie, Oscar the Sorter |
| May 2024 | P-Series PRIME palletising cobot (P3020) revealed at Automate 2024 |
| July 2024 | Initial Doosan Robotics and Doosan Bobcat merger plan announced |
| December 2024 | Bobcat merger called off after share-price declines |
| April 2025 | CEO Kevin Kim announces shift to "intelligent robot solutions" |
| July 2025 | Acquires 89.59% of ONExia for around USD 25.9 million |
| September 2025 | Doosan Robotics Innovation Center opens in Bundang |
| January 1, 2026 | ONExia rebranded as Doosan Robotics Americas |
| June 2026 | Expanded Nvidia physical-AI partnership announced across Doosan Group |

### Doosan Bobcat merger episode

In July 2024 Doosan Group announced a controversial reorganisation that would have made Doosan Bobcat, the profitable construction-equipment division, a wholly owned subsidiary of Doosan Robotics through a stock swap. [9] The original 1-for-0.63 ratio drew immediate criticism from Bobcat minority shareholders and Korean lawmakers, since Bobcat consistently generated profits while Doosan Robotics was loss-making with cumulative net losses around KRW 130 billion. The Financial Supervisory Service suspended the prospectus and the deal was restructured in October 2024 with a revised ratio of 1 to 0.0432962. [10] The plan was abandoned in December 2024 after political turmoil following the short-lived martial law declaration sent Korean industrial shares lower and triggered enough buyback requests to break the deal economics. [11]

## How does Doosan Robotics use AI?

Doosan Robotics has positioned 2024 to 2026 as a transition period from cobot hardware to a software- and AI-led product. The company calls its target category "Intelligent Robot Solution," a plug-and-play stack that bundles a cobot, perception, end-effector, and pre-trained skill software. [19] The first commercial intelligent solutions target manufacturing automation, with later expansion planned for logistics, welding, and food-service workflows.

### Nvidia

The [Nvidia](/wiki/nvidia) partnership is the most consequential of these alliances. On June 7, 2026, Nvidia and Doosan Group announced an expanded collaboration on physical AI that spans Doosan Robotics, Doosan Bobcat, Doosan Enerbility, and Doosan Corporation Electro-Materials. [26] Doosan Robotics is building what it calls an **Agentic Robot OS**, described by Nvidia as "an AI-powered platform connecting perception, reasoning, simulation, learning and on-device inference." [26] The system integrates Nvidia Isaac Sim and Isaac Lab for simulation and GPU-parallel training, the Nvidia Cosmos world foundation models for synthetic data, the open-source Newton physics engine for contact dynamics, and the Nvidia Jetson Thor module for on-device inference. [26] Doosan Group chairman Park Jeong-won framed the deal in business terms: "As we enter the AI factory era, this cooperation with Nvidia will be of great help in applying AI to our business areas and seeking business opportunities." [26]

The two companies are jointly developing reference use cases for high-value industrial tasks, beginning with depalletizing and sanding, and for new robot form factors including dual-arm and humanoid platforms. [26] The roadmap calls for a packaged intelligent robot solution and the Agentic Robot OS in 2027, leading toward a commercial industrial-humanoid target around 2028. [18] An Nvidia executive visited Doosan headquarters in 2025 to formalise the expanded scope of the work.

### Microsoft

Doosan and Microsoft signed a partnership giving Doosan access to Azure OpenAI Service for cobot control. The companies are building a GPT-based control layer that lets cobots accept voice commands, infer task intent from natural-language descriptions, self-correct mid-operation, and adapt actions to context. [15] Mixmaster Moodie at CES 2024 was the first public demonstration of this stack.

### Amazon Web Services

The **Voice to Real** solution is a voice-recognition robot interface co-developed with AWS and showcased as an enhanced version of Mixmaster Moodie. Equipped with a 3D vision camera, the cobot interprets everyday language, identifies the relevant object in a workspace, and autonomously plans and executes the action. [17] The same building blocks are positioned for industrial deployments where operators need to issue spoken work orders to a cell.

### Is Doosan Robotics building a humanoid robot?

In April 2025 CEO Kevin Kim used a Doosan town hall to announce that the company would stand up dedicated AI/Software and humanoid R&D teams in the second half of 2025. [18] The humanoid program leans heavily on Nvidia tooling, including the Isaac and Cosmos stack used for the Agentic Robot OS, rather than building its own foundation model. [26] Doosan has not yet shipped a bipedal robot, and is positioning the program as a commercial target around 2028. [18] The Bundang Innovation Center opened in September 2025 to house the consolidated AI, software, and humanoid teams.

### ONExia acquisition

In July 2025 Doosan Robotics' board approved the purchase of an 89.59 percent stake in **ONExia Inc.**, a Pennsylvania-based system integrator founded in 1984, for around USD 25.9 million (KRW 35.6 billion). [12][13] ONExia had built its own end-of-line palletising and packaging cobots on top of Doosan hardware and brought decades of automation project data into the parent company. The deal closed in September 2025. Doosan rebranded ONExia as **Doosan Robotics Americas** effective January 1, 2026, and announced a new 90,000-square-foot facility in Malvern, Pennsylvania, slated to open in spring 2026 and to host both cobot manufacturing and integration engineering. [13]

## How does Doosan Robotics compare to Universal Robots?

The global cobot market remains concentrated. Universal Robots, the Danish firm acquired by Teradyne in 2015, is consistently the volume leader, with Techman Robot of Taiwan and Doosan Robotics among the larger second-tier players. [20] Industry estimates from 2022 placed Universal Robots at roughly 30 percent share of cobot units, Techman around 5 percent, [ABB](/wiki/abb) around 6 percent, and Doosan Robotics around 3 percent of total cobot units. [20] Doosan's share is far higher, estimated at about 72 percent, in the narrower segment of cobots rated for 20 kg or more, where it competes more directly with the [Fanuc](/wiki/fanuc) CRX-25iA and ABB GoFa. [21]

### Selected cobot vendors

| Company | Country | Founded | Max payload (cobot) | Key models | Position in cobot market |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Universal Robots | Denmark | 2005 | 30 kg | UR3e, UR5e, UR10e, UR20, UR30 | Volume leader |
| Techman Robot | Taiwan | 2015 | 25 kg | TM5, TM12, TM16, TM25S | Strong second tier, Quanta-backed |
| Fanuc CRX | Japan | 2018 (CRX line) | 25 kg | CRX-5iA, CRX-10iA, CRX-25iA | Major industrial vendor entry |
| Doosan Robotics | South Korea | 2015 | 30 kg (P3020) | M, A, H, E, P series | Top in 20 kg+ payload niche |
| ABB | Switzerland and Sweden | 1988 (ABB) | 12 kg | YuMi, GoFa, SWIFTI | Industrial-grade portfolio |
| [Yaskawa Electric](/wiki/yaskawa) | Japan | 1915 | 20 kg | HC10, HC20 | Hybrid industrial and cobot |
| [Kuka](/wiki/kuka) | Germany | 1898 | 14 kg | LBR iiwa, LBR iisy | Lightweight cobot pioneer |
| AUBO Robotics | China | 2015 | 16 kg | AUBO i3, i5, i10, i16 | Low-cost challenger |
| JAKA Robotics | China | 2014 | 30 kg | JAKA Zu, Pro, MiniCobo | Fast-growing low-cost vendor |
| Franka Robotics (formerly Franka Emika) | Germany | 2016 | 3 kg | Panda, Production 3 | Research and education focus |
| Kinova | Canada | 2006 | 7 kg | Gen3, Link 6 | Research and medical assistive |

[Figure AI](/wiki/figure_ai), Tesla Optimus, Agility Robotics, and other humanoid-first companies are not direct cobot competitors today, but they share the same target customers Doosan is pursuing for its 2028 humanoid launch. Among Korean peers, Doosan Robotics, HD Hyundai Robotics, Hanwha Robotics, and Rainbow Robotics (the company behind the HUBO platform from [KAIST](/wiki/kaist), in which Samsung has built a stake) form the core domestic robotics cluster.

## Reception, awards, and challenges

Doosan cobots have won multiple international design awards. M-Series models received Red Dot Design Awards in two consecutive years, in the Interface and User Experience category in 2017 and the Product Design category in 2018, with judges citing the touchscreen teach pendant and the polished mechanical design. [1] The company has also collected CES Innovation Awards, including a 2022 award for a camera cobot and a 2024 honour for Oscar the Sorter. [17]

Financially, the company has not been consistently profitable. Cumulative net losses had reached around KRW 130 billion by the time Park In-won took over as CEO, and revenue growth between 2022 and 2024 was constrained by post-IPO cobot demand softness in industrial markets and intense price competition from Chinese vendors such as JAKA and AUBO. [11] The aborted 2024 Bobcat merger was widely interpreted as an attempt to plug Doosan Robotics's loss-making P&L into a profitable cash generator inside the same group, an arrangement that minority shareholders and Korean regulators ultimately blocked. [9][11]

Long-term, the open questions for Doosan Robotics are whether the AI and software pivot generates real margin, whether the planned 2028 humanoid arrives on schedule and at credible cost, and whether the company can defend its high-payload cobot lead as Fanuc, ABB, and Chinese vendors push into the 20 to 30 kg segment. The shift toward [AI in manufacturing](/wiki/ai_in_manufacturing) and natural-language robot programming favours vendors that can ship integrated cobot-plus-software stacks, which is the bet behind Dart-Suite, the Nvidia partnership, and the ONExia acquisition.

## Significance

Doosan Robotics is one of a small number of [cobot](/wiki/cobot) specialists with full lifecycle ownership: in-house mechanical design, joint torque-sensor manufacturing, controller software, programming environment, and a first-party integrator arm in North America. That vertical integration, combined with its strength in high-payload cobots, makes it a useful contrast to Universal Robots' lighter-weight focus and to general [robotics](/wiki/robotics) makers such as Fanuc and ABB that approach the cobot category from above. Within South Korea, Doosan Robotics sits at the centre of a robotics cluster that also includes HD Hyundai Robotics, Hanwha Robotics, and Rainbow Robotics, and represents a sustained national bet on factory-floor automation as a successor industry to shipbuilding, semiconductors, and consumer electronics.

## References

1. Doosan Robotics, [Company Overview](https://www.doosanrobotics.com/en/about/company/overview/), official corporate website.
2. Doosan Robotics, [News and press releases](https://www.doosanrobotics.com/en/about/promotion/news/), official corporate website.
3. Wikipedia, [Doosan Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doosan_Robotics).
4. Bloomberg, "[Doosan Robotics Shares Surge 160% After Debut in South Korea's Biggest 2023 IPO](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-04/robot-maker-set-to-debut-after-south-korea-s-biggest-2023-ipo)," October 4, 2023.
5. The Korea Herald, "[Doosan Robotics shares debut at double IPO price](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/3227724)," October 5, 2023.
6. KED Global, "[Doosan Robotics aims to draw $256 mn in IPO subscriptions](https://www.kedglobal.com/robotics/newsView/ked202309110020)," September 2023.
7. KED Global, "[Doosan Robotics attracts $24.8 billion from retail investors in IPO deposits](https://www.kedglobal.com/ipos/newsView/ked202309220021)," September 2023.
8. KED Global, "[Doosan Robotics looks for M&A targets post-IPO: CEO](https://www.kedglobal.com/mergers-acquisitions/newsView/ked202310040022)," October 2023.
9. KED Global, "[Doosan Robotics to delist, wholly own cash-cow Doosan Bobcat](https://www.kedglobal.com/corporate-restructuring/newsView/ked202407110018)," July 2024.
10. KED Global, "[Doosan to resume Bobcat, Robotics merger with new ratio](https://www.kedglobal.com/corporate-restructuring/newsView/ked202410210006)," October 2024.
11. KED Global, "[Doosan Robotics' merger with Bobcat fails on share price plunge](https://www.kedglobal.com/corporate-restructuring/newsView/ked202412100005)," December 2024.
12. The Korea Herald, "[Doosan Robotics invests $25.9m to acquire US automation firm ONExia](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10541563)."
13. The Robot Report, "[Doosan Robotics acquires a majority stake of U.S.-based ONExia for $25.9M](https://www.therobotreport.com/doosan-robotics-acquires-a-majority-stake-of-u-s-based-onexia-for-25-9m/)."
14. The Robot Report, "[Doosan Robotics releases its longest reach cobots with PRIME SERIES](https://www.therobotreport.com/doosan-robotics-releases-its-longest-reach-cobots-with-prime-series/)."
15. The Robot Report, "[Doosan, Microsoft plan to build GPT-based robots](https://www.therobotreport.com/doosan-microsoft-plan-to-build-gpt-based-robots/)."
16. Robotics 24/7, "[Automate 2024: Doosan Robotics unveils max-powered PRIME-SERIES of collaborative robots](https://www.robotics247.com/article/automate_2024_doosan_robotics_unveils_max_powered_prime_series_of_collaborative_robots)."
17. PR Newswire, "[Doosan Robotics Unveils Cutting-Edge Innovations at CES 2024](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/doosan-robotics-unveils-cutting-edge-innovations-at-ces-2024-paving-the-way-for-the-democratization-of-robots-302028994.html)," January 2024.
18. Robotics and Automation News, "[Doosan Robotics accelerates humanoid robot development with AI focus and strategic Korean alliances](https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2025/05/22/doosan-robotics-intensifies-humanoid-development-in-ai-driven-strategic-shift/91089/)," May 2025.
19. Robotics Tomorrow, "[Doosan Robotics Accelerates Push to Become an AI Robot Solutions Leader](https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/news/2025/07/28/doosan-robotics-accelerates-push-to-become-an-ai-robot-solutions-leader/25246/)," July 2025.
20. ABI Research, "[Universal Robots Maintains Top Spot in ABI Research's Ranking of Cobot Companies](https://www.abiresearch.com/press/universal-robots-maintains-top-spot-in-abi-researchs-ranking-of-cobot-companies-in-industrial-applications-doosan-techman-robot-and-precise-automation-are-closing-in)."
21. International Federation of Robotics, [Top Five Trends in the Korean Robot Market](https://ifr.org/post/top-five-trends-in-the-korean-robot-market).
22. Standard Bots, [Doosan Robotics review: Top models, features, and pricing](https://standardbots.com/blog/doosan-robotics).
23. Design World, "[Doosan Robotics and Eversys to offer premium coffee drinks at DR. Presso Robot Barista Cafe](https://www.designworldonline.com/doosan-robotics-and-eversys-to-offer-premium-coffee-drinks-at-dr-presso-robot-barista-cafe/)."
24. KED Global, "[Doosan Robotics supplies barista robot to Mega Coffee](https://www.kedglobal.com/food-beverage/newsView/ked202404080012)," April 2024.
25. The Korea Times, "[Collaborative robots emerge as new growth engine for Korean conglomerates](https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/business/companies/20230816/collaborative-robots-emerge-as-new-growth-engine-for-korean-conglomerates)."
26. NVIDIA, "[NVIDIA and Doosan Group Collaborate to Advance Physical AI and AI Factory Infrastructure](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-and-doosan-group-physical-ai/)," June 7, 2026.