# Joe Biden

> Source: https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/joe_biden
> Updated: 2026-07-24
> Categories: AI Policy & Regulation, AI Safety, People
> License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
> From AI Wiki (https://aiwiki.ai), the free encyclopedia of artificial intelligence. Reuse freely with attribution to "AI Wiki (aiwiki.ai)".

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. is an American politician who served as the 46th President of the United States, sworn in on January 20, 2021 and leaving office on January 20, 2025. He had previously served as the 47th Vice President and represented Delaware for 36 years in the US Senate [1]. His single term coincided with the commercial expansion of [generative AI](/wiki/generative_ai), and his administration produced a large body of federal policy on [artificial intelligence](/wiki/artificial_intelligence).

That work had four main parts: voluntary safety commitments negotiated with AI developers in 2023, a wide-ranging executive order signed in October 2023, binding governance rules for federal agencies' own use of AI, and a series of Commerce Department export controls on the semiconductors used to train large models. A dedicated evaluation body, the US AI Safety Institute, was created inside the National Institute of Standards and Technology ([NIST](/wiki/nist)) to test frontier systems.

Almost all of this rested on executive authority, agency guidance, and voluntary industry pledges rather than on new AI statute, and the central executive order was revoked by Biden's successor on his first day in office. The [CHIPS and Science Act](/wiki/chips_act), signed in August 2022, provided $52.7 billion for semiconductor research, manufacturing, and workforce development, and remained in force after the change of administration.

## Early actions, 2021 to 2022

The administration's first substantive AI document was the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights, published by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy in October 2022. It was a non-binding statement of five principles: "Safe and Effective Systems", "Algorithmic Discrimination Protections", "Data Privacy", "Notice and Explanation", and "Human Alternatives, Consideration, and Fallback" [2]. The blueprint created no legal obligations and was framed as guidance for developers and agencies.

Biden signed the CHIPS and Science Act (H.R. 4346, Public Law 117-167) on August 9, 2022 [3][4]. The White House described the law as providing "$52.7 billion for American semiconductor research, development, manufacturing, and workforce development", made up of "$39 billion in manufacturing incentives, including $2 billion for the legacy chips used in automobiles and defense systems", "$13.2 billion in R&D and workforce development", and "$500 million to provide for international information communications technology security and semiconductor supply chain activities", plus a "25 percent investment tax credit for capital expenses for manufacturing of semiconductors" [3]. The CHIPS for America programs at NIST administer the Department of Commerce's $50 billion share, split between $39 billion in incentives for investment in facilities and equipment and $11 billion for research and development [5]. The law targets semiconductor supply chain security broadly rather than AI specifically, but it funds the domestic manufacturing base for the chips AI training runs on.

Two months later, on October 7, 2022, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) issued the first of what became a sequence of controls on advanced computing chips and semiconductor manufacturing equipment bound for China. The rule, published on October 13, 2022 at 87 FR 62186 and taking effect in stages between October 7 and October 21, 2022, restricted advanced computing integrated circuits and the systems containing them, expanded end-use controls covering supercomputer and semiconductor manufacturing applications, and added license requirements for US persons supporting chip development in China [6].

## Voluntary commitments from AI developers

On July 21, 2023, seven companies agreed to a set of voluntary commitments on AI safety, security, and trust: [Amazon](/wiki/amazon), [Anthropic](/wiki/anthropic), [Google](/wiki/google), [Inflection](/wiki/inflection_ai), [Meta](/wiki/meta_ai), [Microsoft](/wiki/microsoft), and [OpenAI](/wiki/openai) [7]. The pledges covered internal and external security testing before release, information sharing on risk management, cybersecurity and insider threat safeguards for model weights, third-party vulnerability reporting, technical mechanisms such as [watermarking](/wiki/watermarking) to identify AI-generated content, and public reporting on model capabilities and limitations [7].

A second group of eight companies signed on September 12, 2023: "Adobe, Cohere, IBM, Nvidia, Palantir, Salesforce, Scale AI, and Stability" [8]. [Apple](/wiki/apple) joined later, announced on July 26, 2024 [9].

| Date | Companies |
| --- | --- |
| July 21, 2023 | [Amazon](/wiki/amazon), [Anthropic](/wiki/anthropic), [Google](/wiki/google), [Inflection](/wiki/inflection_ai), [Meta](/wiki/meta_ai), [Microsoft](/wiki/microsoft), [OpenAI](/wiki/openai) |
| September 12, 2023 | [Adobe](/wiki/adobe), [Cohere](/wiki/cohere), [IBM](/wiki/ibm_ai), [Nvidia](/wiki/nvidia), [Palantir](/wiki/palantir), [Salesforce](/wiki/salesforce), [Scale AI](/wiki/scale_ai), [Stability](/wiki/stability_ai) |
| July 26, 2024 | [Apple](/wiki/apple) |

The commitments were voluntary and created no legal obligations; the White House said at the time that it would also pursue an executive order and bipartisan legislation [7]. They were announced three months before EO 14110, and several of their themes, pre-release testing, weight security, and content provenance, reappeared in the order.

## Executive Order 14110

Biden signed [Executive Order 14110](/wiki/executive_order_14110), "Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence", on October 30, 2023. It was published on November 1, 2023 at 88 FR 75191 [10].

The order defined a "dual-use foundation model" as an AI model "trained on broad data; generally uses self-supervision; contains at least tens of billions of parameters; is applicable across a wide range of contexts; and that exhibits, or could be easily modified to exhibit, high levels of performance at tasks that pose a serious risk to security, national economic security, national public health or safety" [11]. It then invoked the Defense Production Act, 50 U.S.C. 4501 et seq., to require developers to report training runs and red-team results to the government above defined compute thresholds [11].

| Provision | Threshold or requirement |
| --- | --- |
| Reporting trigger for models | Trained using more than 10^26 integer or floating-point operations |
| Biological sequence models | More than 10^23 integer or floating-point operations when trained primarily on biological sequence data |
| Computing clusters | Machines co-located in one datacenter, networked at over 100 Gbit/s, with a theoretical maximum capacity of 10^20 integer or floating-point operations per second for training AI |
| Legal authority | Defense Production Act, 50 U.S.C. 4501 et seq. |

NIST was directed to produce a generative AI companion to the [NIST AI Risk Management Framework](/wiki/nist_ai_rmf) (NIST AI 100-1), a secure development companion for generative AI and dual-use foundation models, and guidance and benchmarks for evaluating and auditing AI capabilities [11]. Other sections addressed content authentication, immigration and AI talent, civil rights, healthcare, and federal hiring.

## Federal government use of AI

On March 28, 2024, OMB Director Shalanda D. Young issued memorandum M-24-10, "Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of Artificial Intelligence", implementing the agency-facing portions of EO 14110 [12]. It required every agency head to designate a Chief AI Officer within 60 days, required Chief Financial Officers Act agencies to convene AI governance bodies on the same timeline, and expanded agency AI use case inventories [12]. Vice President Kamala Harris announced the policy, with governance boards due by May 27, 2024 [13].

The memo's operative deadline was December 1, 2024. By that date agencies had to apply defined minimum risk management practices to any safety-impacting or rights-impacting AI, "or else stop using the AI until they achieve compliance", subject to documented extensions and waivers [12].

Two related programs ran alongside it. The National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource pilot launched on January 24, 2024, led by the National Science Foundation in partnership with 10 other federal agencies and 25 private sector, nonprofit, and philanthropic organizations, giving researchers access to computing and data resources; EO 14110 had directed NSF to launch it within 90 days [14]. An "AI Talent Surge" recruited over 200 hires by July 2024, including a Presidential Innovation Fellows AI cohort and the Department of Homeland Security's AI Corps [9]. The White House reported on July 26, 2024 that agencies "completed all of the 270-day actions in the Executive Order on schedule" [9].

Federal AI adoption grew quickly over this period. A 2025 Government Accountability Office review found that across the 11 selected agencies it reviewed with AI inventories, reported AI use cases rose from 571 in 2023 to 1,110 in 2024, with generative AI use cases increasing about nine-fold, from 32 to 282 [15]. The same review recorded that officials at 10 of 12 selected agencies said existing federal policy, "such as data privacy policy, could present obstacles to adoption" [15].

## The US AI Safety Institute

Harris announced the creation of the United States AI Safety Institute at the US Embassy in London on November 1, 2023, the opening day of the UK summit. She said that "President Biden and I have established the United States AI Safety Institute, which will create rigorous standards to test the safety of AI models for public use" [16]. The institute was placed within NIST and tasked with operationalizing the AI Risk Management Framework through guidelines, tools, benchmarks, and best practices for evaluating dangerous capabilities [17].

NIST built a supporting consortium around it, and the [AI Safety Institute](/wiki/ai_safety_institute) Consortium formally launched on February 8, 2024 with more than 200 member companies and organizations [18]. On August 29, 2024 the institute signed memorandums of understanding with Anthropic and OpenAI giving it access to major new models before and after public release for joint evaluation work. Director Elizabeth Kelly said that with the agreements in place, "we look forward to beginning our technical collaborations with Anthropic and OpenAI to advance the science of AI safety" [19]. NIST's frontier model testing and evaluation work is now carried out by the Center for AI Standards and Innovation, which NIST describes as "industry's primary point of contact within the U.S. government to facilitate testing and collaborative research related to harnessing and securing the potential of commercial AI systems" [20].

## Export controls and the AI diffusion rule

BIS returned to advanced computing controls repeatedly after October 2022, tightening performance thresholds, closing routes around them, and extending coverage to memory and manufacturing equipment. The last rule in the [export controls](/wiki/export_controls) sequence took effect a week before the end of the term.

| Rule | Published | Effective | Citation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Entity List Modification | October 13, 2022 | Staggered: October 7, 12, and 21, 2022 | 87 FR 62186 |
| Export Controls on Semiconductor Manufacturing Items | October 25, 2023 | November 17, 2023 | 88 FR 73424 |
| Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Updates and Corrections | October 25, 2023 | November 17, 2023 | 88 FR 73458 |
| Foreign-Produced Direct Product Rule Additions, and Refinements to Controls for Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items | December 5, 2024 | December 2, 2024 | 89 FR 96790 |
| Framework for Artificial Intelligence Diffusion | January 15, 2025 | January 13, 2025 | 90 FR 4544 |

The two 2023 rules were published concurrently and addressed public comments on the October 2022 interim final rule; BIS said they "revise the October 7 IFR controls to more effectively achieve BIS's focused national security policy objectives" [21][22]. The December 2024 rule created new foreign direct product rules aimed at impairing the capability to produce advanced-node integrated circuits, added controls on certain semiconductor manufacturing equipment and on high bandwidth memory, and clarified controls on software keys [23].

The last of these, the Framework for Artificial Intelligence Diffusion, took effect on January 13, 2025, a week before the end of the term. It was an interim final rule that revised controls on advanced computing integrated circuits and, for the first time, "adds a new control on artificial intelligence (AI) model weights for certain advanced closed-weight dual-use AI models". It paired those restrictions with new license exceptions and an updated Data Center Validated End User authorization intended to allow exports to destinations that "do not raise national security or foreign policy concerns" [24].

The Commerce Department announced the rescission of the diffusion rule on May 13, 2025, stating that it "announced a rescission of the Biden Administration's AI Diffusion Rule, while rolling out additional steps to strengthen export controls on semiconductors worldwide", and that BIS "plans to publish a regulation formalizing the rescission and will issue a replacement rule in the future" [25].

## National security memorandum

On October 24, 2024 Biden issued the "Memorandum on Advancing the United States' Leadership in Artificial Intelligence; Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Fulfill National Security Objectives; and Fostering the Safety, Security, and Trustworthiness of Artificial Intelligence" [26]. It designated the AI Safety Institute as the primary US government point of contact with private sector AI developers for voluntary pre-release testing of frontier models, directed agencies to identify and protect critical nodes in the AI supply chain, and was accompanied by a separate Framework to Advance AI Governance and Risk Management in National Security setting out prohibited and high-impact uses [26].

Two earlier orders bore on AI indirectly. Executive Order 14105 of August 9, 2023 addressed US outbound investment in national security technologies in countries of concern [27], and Executive Order 14117 of February 28, 2024 restricted access by countries of concern to Americans' bulk sensitive personal data [28].

## International engagement

The United States signed the Bletchley Declaration at the UK [AI Safety Summit](/wiki/ai_safety_summit) held on November 1 and 2, 2023, one of 29 original signatories alongside China, the European Union, India, and the United Kingdom [29]. Harris, speaking in London on the summit's opening day, said she would take part in the proceedings the following day [16]. The [Bletchley Declaration](/wiki/bletchley_declaration) was a statement of shared concern about frontier AI risk rather than a binding instrument. The administration also announced that day that 31 nations had joined the United States in endorsing the Political Declaration on Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy [17].

On the same day EO 14110 was signed, October 30, 2023, the G7 published the International Guiding Principles for Organizations Developing Advanced AI Systems under the Hiroshima AI Process, a voluntary set of principles that aims "to promote safe, secure, and trustworthy AI worldwide" and provides guidance for "organizations developing and using the most advanced AI systems, including the most advanced foundation models and generative AI systems" [30].

At the AI Seoul Summit of May 21 and 22, 2024, co-hosted by the United Kingdom and the Republic of Korea, the United States joined Australia, Canada, the European Union, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and the United Kingdom in the Seoul Statement of Intent toward International Cooperation on AI Safety Science, which articulated a "shared ambition to develop an international network among key partners to accelerate the advancement of the science of AI safety" [31][32]. Sixteen companies agreed to separate Frontier AI Safety Commitments at the summit, among them Amazon, Anthropic, Google, Meta, Microsoft, OpenAI, and xAI; the published list has since grown to twenty [33][34].

## Final weeks and reversal

Biden signed Executive Order 14141, "Advancing United States Leadership in Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure", on January 14, 2025 [35]. It directed the Secretaries of Defense and Energy each, "if possible", to identify a minimum of three sites on federal land for lease to private developers of frontier AI [data centers](/wiki/data_center) by February 28, 2025, required those parties to procure sufficient new clean power generation, and set a target of commencing full-capacity operation by December 31, 2027 [36].

Executive Order 14148, "Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions", signed by [Donald Trump](/wiki/donald_trump) on January 20, 2025, revoked EO 14110 at entry (ggg) of its list [37]. Executive Order 14179 of January 23, 2025, "Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence", directed agencies to "suspend, revise, or rescind" actions taken under EO 14110 that were inconsistent with the new order's policy, and referred to it as "the revoked Executive Order 14110" [38]. The diffusion rule followed in May 2025 [25].

What survived was the statutory and institutional layer rather than the regulatory one: the CHIPS and Science Act, the underlying export control architecture at BIS, and NIST's AI testing and evaluation function, now housed in the Center for AI Standards and Innovation [20]. What did not survive was the part built on executive orders. The contrast reflects a structural feature of US [AI regulation](/wiki/ai_regulation) as it stood at the end of the term: an executive order can be revoked by a later president, while a statute stays in force until Congress changes it.

## See also

- [Executive Order 14110](/wiki/executive_order_14110)
- [CHIPS and Science Act](/wiki/chips_act)
- [AI regulation](/wiki/ai_regulation)
- [Export controls](/wiki/export_controls)
- [AI Safety Institute](/wiki/ai_safety_institute)
- [Donald Trump](/wiki/donald_trump)

## References

1. [President Joe Biden, The White House (Biden administration archive)](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/president-biden/)
2. [Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, October 2022](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ostp/ai-bill-of-rights/)
3. [FACT SHEET: CHIPS and Science Act Will Lower Costs, Create Jobs, Strengthen Supply Chains, and Counter China, August 9, 2022](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/09/fact-sheet-chips-and-science-act-will-lower-costs-create-jobs-strengthen-supply-chains-and-counter-china/)
4. [Public Law 117-167 metadata (H.R. 4346, approved August 9, 2022), GovInfo](https://www.govinfo.gov/metadata/pkg/PLAW-117publ167/mods.xml)
5. [CHIPS for America, NIST](https://www.nist.gov/chips)
6. [Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items, 87 FR 62186](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/10/13/2022-21658/implementation-of-additional-export-controls-certain-advanced-computing-and-semiconductor)
7. [FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Secures Voluntary Commitments from Leading Artificial Intelligence Companies, July 21, 2023](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/)
8. [FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Secures Voluntary Commitments from Eight Additional Artificial Intelligence Companies, September 12, 2023](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/09/12/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-eight-additional-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/)
9. [FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces New AI Actions and Receives Additional Major Voluntary Commitment on AI, July 26, 2024](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/07/26/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-ai-actions-and-receives-additional-major-voluntary-commitment-on-ai/)
10. [Executive Order 14110, Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence, 88 FR 75191](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence)
11. [Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence, October 30, 2023 (full text)](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/10/30/executive-order-on-the-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence/)
12. [OMB Memorandum M-24-10, Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of Artificial Intelligence, March 28, 2024](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/M-24-10-Advancing-Governance-Innovation-and-Risk-Management-for-Agency-Use-of-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf)
13. [FACT SHEET: Vice President Harris Announces OMB Policy to Advance Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management in Federal Agencies' Use of Artificial Intelligence, March 28, 2024](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/03/28/fact-sheet-vice-president-harris-announces-omb-policy-to-advance-governance-innovation-and-risk-management-in-federal-agencies-use-of-artificial-intelligence/)
14. [Democratizing the future of AI R&D: NSF to launch National AI Research Resource pilot, US National Science Foundation, January 24, 2024](https://www.nsf.gov/news/democratizing-future-ai-rd-nsf-launch-national-ai)
15. [Artificial Intelligence: Generative AI Use and Management at Federal Agencies, GAO-25-107653, July 29, 2025](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-25-107653)
16. [Remarks by Vice President Harris on the Future of Artificial Intelligence, London, November 1, 2023](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/11/01/remarks-by-vice-president-harris-on-the-future-of-artificial-intelligence-london-united-kingdom/)
17. [FACT SHEET: Vice President Harris Announces New U.S. Initiatives to Advance the Safe and Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence, November 1, 2023](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/11/01/fact-sheet-vice-president-harris-announces-new-u-s-initiatives-to-advance-the-safe-and-responsible-use-of-artificial-intelligence/)
18. [Biden-Harris Administration Announces First-Ever Consortium Dedicated to AI Safety, NIST, February 8, 2024](https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/02/biden-harris-administration-announces-first-ever-consortium-dedicated-ai)
19. [U.S. AI Safety Institute Signs Agreements Regarding AI Safety Research, Testing and Evaluation With Anthropic and OpenAI, NIST, August 29, 2024](https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/08/us-ai-safety-institute-signs-agreements-regarding-ai-safety-research)
20. [Center for AI Standards and Innovation, NIST](https://www.nist.gov/caisi)
21. [Export Controls on Semiconductor Manufacturing Items, 88 FR 73424](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/10/25/2023-23049/export-controls-on-semiconductor-manufacturing-items)
22. [Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Updates and Corrections, 88 FR 73458](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/10/25/2023-23055/implementation-of-additional-export-controls-certain-advanced-computing-items-supercomputer-and)
23. [Foreign-Produced Direct Product Rule Additions, and Refinements to Controls for Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items, 89 FR 96790](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/12/05/2024-28270/foreign-produced-direct-product-rule-additions-and-refinements-to-controls-for-advanced-computing)
24. [Framework for Artificial Intelligence Diffusion, 90 FR 4544](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/15/2025-00636/framework-for-artificial-intelligence-diffusion)
25. [Department of Commerce Announces Rescission of Biden-Era Artificial Intelligence Diffusion Rule, Bureau of Industry and Security, May 13, 2025](https://www.bis.gov/press-release/department-commerce-announces-rescission-biden-era-artificial-intelligence-diffusion-rule-strengthens)
26. [Memorandum on Advancing the United States' Leadership in Artificial Intelligence; Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Fulfill National Security Objectives; and Fostering the Safety, Security, and Trustworthiness of Artificial Intelligence, October 24, 2024](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2024/10/24/memorandum-on-advancing-the-united-states-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence-harnessing-artificial-intelligence-to-fulfill-national-security-objectives-and-fostering-the-safety-security/)
27. [Executive Order 14105, Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of Concern, 88 FR 54867](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/08/11/2023-17449/addressing-united-states-investments-in-certain-national-security-technologies-and-products-in)
28. [Executive Order 14117, Preventing Access to Americans' Bulk Sensitive Personal Data and United States Government-Related Data by Countries of Concern, 89 FR 15421](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/03/01/2024-04573/preventing-access-to-americans-bulk-sensitive-personal-data-and-united-states-government-related)
29. [The Bletchley Declaration by Countries Attending the AI Safety Summit, 1-2 November 2023, GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023)
30. [Hiroshima Process International Guiding Principles for Advanced AI system, 30 October 2023, European Commission](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/hiroshima-process-international-guiding-principles-advanced-ai-system)
31. [AI Seoul Summit 2024, GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/ai-seoul-summit-2024)
32. [Seoul Statement of Intent toward International Cooperation on AI Safety Science, AI Seoul Summit 2024, GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/seoul-declaration-for-safe-innovative-and-inclusive-ai-ai-seoul-summit-2024/seoul-statement-of-intent-toward-international-cooperation-on-ai-safety-science-ai-seoul-summit-2024-annex)
33. [Frontier AI Safety Commitments, AI Seoul Summit 2024, GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024)
34. [Historic first as companies spanning North America, Asia, Europe and Middle East agree safety commitments on development of AI, GOV.UK, 21 May 2024](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/historic-first-as-companies-spanning-north-america-asia-europe-and-middle-east-agree-safety-commitments-on-development-of-ai)
35. [Executive Order 14141, Advancing United States Leadership in Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure, 90 FR 5469](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/17/2025-01395/advancing-united-states-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence-infrastructure)
36. [Executive Order 14141 full text, Federal Register January 17, 2025, GovInfo](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-01-17/html/2025-01395.htm)
37. [Executive Order 14148, Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions, Federal Register January 28, 2025, GovInfo](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-01-28/html/2025-01901.htm)
38. [Executive Order 14179, Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence, Federal Register January 31, 2025, GovInfo](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-01-31/html/2025-02172.htm)