# Mira Murati

> Source: https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/mira_murati
> Updated: 2026-06-22
> Categories: AI Companies, OpenAI, People
> From AI Wiki (https://aiwiki.ai), a free encyclopedia of artificial intelligence. Quote with attribution.

**Ermira "Mira" Murati** (born December 16, 1988) is an Albanian-American engineer and technology executive who served as Chief Technology Officer of [OpenAI](/wiki/openai) from May 2022 to September 2024 and is the co-founder and CEO of the AI startup [Thinking Machines Lab](/wiki/thinking_machines_lab), founded in February 2025.[^1][^3] At OpenAI she oversaw the development and public release of [ChatGPT](/wiki/chatgpt), [DALL-E](/wiki/dall_e), [GPT-4](/wiki/gpt-4), [Codex](/wiki/codex) and Sora, and she briefly served as the company's interim chief executive during the board crisis of November 2023 that temporarily removed [Sam Altman](/wiki/sam_altman).[^1][^2] In July 2025, Thinking Machines Lab raised approximately $2 billion in seed funding at a $12 billion valuation, one of the largest seed rounds in venture capital history, before releasing its first product, a fine-tuning API called Tinker, in October 2025.[^3][^4][^23]

## Who is Mira Murati?

Mira Murati is one of the most prominent executives in artificial intelligence: she ran OpenAI's research, product, and safety organization during the launches of ChatGPT and GPT-4, was the company's first woman to hold the chief executive role (on an interim basis for five days in November 2023), and in 2025 founded her own frontier AI company.[^1][^2][^9] She spent roughly six and a half years at OpenAI, rising from vice president of applied AI and partnerships in June 2018 to Chief Technology Officer in May 2022.[^1][^16] Thinking Machines Lab, the company she leads, was valued at $12 billion in its July 2025 seed round and employs roughly 140 to 169 people as of mid-2026.[^4][^28]

## Early life and education

Mira Murati was born on December 16, 1988 in Vlorë, a port city on the southwestern coast of Albania.[^1][^5] She grew up during the final years of Albania's communist era and the subsequent transition to a market economy. According to Wikipedia, her parents were both engineers: her father worked as a civil engineer and her mother as an electrical engineer.[^1]

At age 16, Murati was awarded a United World Colleges scholarship and traveled to Canada to attend Pearson College UWC on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.[^1] She graduated from Pearson College in 2007 with an International Baccalaureate diploma.[^1] The UWC program, which brings together students from around the world for the final two years of pre-university study, is widely regarded as a launching pad for academically talented students from developing countries.

After Pearson, Murati enrolled in a dual-degree engineering program offered jointly by Colby College in Waterville, Maine, and Dartmouth College's Thayer School of Engineering in Hanover, New Hampshire.[^1][^6] She received a Bachelor of Arts from Colby College in 2011 and a Bachelor of Engineering degree in mechanical engineering from Dartmouth's Thayer School of Engineering in 2012.[^1][^6] At Dartmouth she participated in Dartmouth Formula Racing, the engineering school's student-built race car program.[^6]

In June 2024, Dartmouth College awarded Murati an honorary Doctor of Science degree, citing her work to "democratize technology and advance a better, safer world."[^1][^6]

## Early career

### Goldman Sachs and Zodiac Aerospace

While still a student, Murati interned during the summer of 2011 as a summer analyst at Goldman Sachs in Tokyo, Japan.[^1][^5] After completing her engineering degree at Dartmouth in 2012, she joined the French aerospace company Zodiac Aerospace as an advanced concepts engineer, a position she held briefly from 2012 to 2013.[^1][^5]

### Tesla (2013-2016)

In 2013, Murati joined Tesla, Inc. as a senior product manager working on the Model X, the company's electric SUV that was then in development.[^1][^5] She remained at Tesla until 2016, during the period when the Model X was finalized and brought to market and when Tesla began deploying its early Autopilot driver-assistance system.[^1][^7] In subsequent interviews she has described her time at Tesla as a formative experience in shipping ambitious hardware on aggressive timelines.[^5]

### Leap Motion (2016-2018)

After Tesla, Murati moved to Leap Motion, an augmented and virtual reality startup based in San Francisco that specialized in hand-tracking and gesture-recognition technology. She joined in 2016 as vice president of product and engineering and remained until 2018.[^1][^5][^8] Leap Motion was later acquired by the British haptics company Ultraleap. Murati's role at Leap Motion deepened her hands-on experience with human-computer interaction and immersive interfaces, areas she would later cite as influences on her thinking about how people interact with AI systems.[^8]

## What did Mira Murati do at OpenAI (2018-2024)?

### Joining OpenAI and rising to CTO

Murati joined [OpenAI](/wiki/openai) in June 2018 as vice president of applied AI and partnerships.[^1][^7] At the time, OpenAI was still primarily a research laboratory and had only recently begun commercializing its work. Over the following years she took on progressively broader responsibilities. In 2020 she became senior vice president of research, product, and partnerships, and in May 2022 she was promoted to Chief Technology Officer.[^1][^5]

As CTO, Murati oversaw OpenAI's research, product, and safety teams, and she became one of the most visible executive faces of the company alongside chief executive officer [Sam Altman](/wiki/sam_altman) and chief scientist [Ilya Sutskever](/wiki/ilya_sutskever).[^1][^9]

### Products and public releases

Murati led OpenAI's product organization during what is widely regarded as the most consequential period of public AI deployment in the company's history. The following products were released under her tenure as CTO:

| Product | Release | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [ChatGPT](/wiki/chatgpt) | November 2022 | Conversational assistant that reached an estimated 100 million monthly users within two months, one of the fastest-adopted consumer applications in history.[^9][^10] |
| [GPT-4](/wiki/gpt-4) | March 2023 | Multimodal large language model.[^9] |
| DALL-E (and successors) | 2022-2023 | Text-to-image generation systems.[^1][^9] |
| [Codex](/wiki/codex) | 2021 | Code-generation system that powered early versions of GitHub Copilot.[^1][^9] |
| Sora | February 2024 | Text-to-video generation model, previewed.[^1][^9] |
| [GPT-4o](/wiki/gpt_4o) | May 13, 2024 | Multimodal model combining text, audio and vision, which Murati personally introduced at OpenAI's spring update livestream, including a live demonstration in which the model translated between Italian and English in real time.[^11] |
| [OpenAI o1](/wiki/o1) | September 2024 | Early reasoning-focused model, previewed.[^12] |

In a March 2023 interview with the Associated Press and other outlets following the release of GPT-4, Murati became one of the first major AI executives to publicly call for government regulation of advanced AI systems, saying that AI "needs to be regulated."[^7] In a follow-up interview with TIME, she elaborated that responsibility for safety could not rest with technology companies alone, and that governments, regulators, civil society and international institutions all needed to be involved in shaping how powerful AI systems are deployed.[^27]

Murati was also a central figure in OpenAI's public communication strategy during this period. She led the company's product keynotes, gave media interviews on behalf of OpenAI in the wake of major model releases, and represented the company at industry conferences and academic events including talks at Dartmouth's Thayer School of Engineering and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Center.[^6][^27]

### What happened during the November 2023 OpenAI board crisis?

On November 17, 2023, OpenAI's board of directors abruptly removed Sam Altman as chief executive officer and announced that Murati would serve as interim CEO of the company.[^2][^13] The board's statement said Altman "was not consistently candid in his communications with the board," but did not provide further details. The decision triggered what has since been called "the OpenAI blip," a five-day period in which the future of one of the world's most prominent AI companies was in doubt.[^2][^13]

Murati's tenure as interim CEO was short. On November 19, 2023, OpenAI announced that [Emmett Shear](/wiki/emmett_shear), co-founder of Twitch, would replace her as interim CEO while the board searched for a permanent successor.[^14] During the same period, more than 700 of OpenAI's roughly 770 employees signed an open letter threatening to resign and follow Altman to a new role at Microsoft unless the board reversed its decision and resigned.[^14] Murati was among the signatories of the staff letter, publicly siding with Altman's reinstatement despite having briefly held the chief executive role.[^14]

On November 21, 2023, OpenAI announced that Altman would return as chief executive officer, the board would be reconstituted, and Murati would resume her role as CTO.[^14][^15]

### When did Mira Murati leave OpenAI?

On September 25, 2024, Murati announced her departure from OpenAI in a public message posted to X (formerly Twitter). She wrote that she was "stepping away because I want to create the time and space to do my own exploration."[^16][^17] Her departure was announced on the same day that two other senior OpenAI executives, chief research officer [Bob McGrew](/wiki/bob_mcgrew) and vice president of research Barret Zoph, also announced they would leave the company.[^16][^17] The simultaneous departures were widely reported as part of an extended pattern of senior executive turnover at OpenAI that had begun with the November 2023 board crisis and continued through 2024.[^17]

In total, Murati spent approximately six and a half years at OpenAI, an unusually long tenure for a senior technical executive in the fast-moving frontier AI industry.[^16] During that period she went from a vice president responsible for partnerships and applied AI to the company's chief technology officer and, briefly, its acting chief executive, in parallel with OpenAI's transformation from a research nonprofit into a capped-profit organization with multibillion-dollar revenues and global brand recognition.[^9][^17]

## Thinking Machines Lab (2025-present)

### What is Thinking Machines Lab?

On February 18, 2025, Murati publicly announced the launch of a new artificial intelligence company called [Thinking Machines Lab](/wiki/thinking_machines_lab).[^3][^18] The company was incorporated as a public benefit corporation and is headquartered in San Francisco.[^3]

In a blog post announcing the company, Murati and her co-founders said Thinking Machines Lab's mission was to "make AI systems more widely understood, customizable, and generally capable."[^3][^18] The team's initial focus areas were stated as building multimodal AI systems that "work with people collaboratively," developing frontier models in fields including science and programming, and contributing to AI safety through open research and the publication of code, datasets, and model specifications.[^18]

The founding leadership team included a number of high-profile researchers and engineers drawn primarily from OpenAI:

- **Mira Murati** as co-founder and chief executive officer.[^3][^18]
- **[John Schulman](/wiki/john_schulman)**, an OpenAI co-founder and a key researcher behind ChatGPT, as chief scientist.[^3][^18]
- **Barret Zoph**, who had previously led model post-training at OpenAI, as chief technology officer.[^3][^18]
- **Andrew Tulloch**, formerly of OpenAI and Meta, as a co-founder.[^19]
- **Luke Metz**, formerly of OpenAI, as a co-founder.[^20]
- **Lilian Weng**, formerly OpenAI's vice president of safety systems, also joined the founding team.[^20]

According to the company's announcement, the initial team consisted of about 30 researchers and engineers, drawn from OpenAI, Meta, Google DeepMind, Character.AI and Mistral AI.[^18]

### How much funding has Thinking Machines Lab raised?

By mid-2025, Thinking Machines Lab had become one of the most closely watched AI startups in the world, despite having released no products. In July 2025, the company closed an approximately $2 billion seed funding round at a valuation of about $12 billion.[^4][^21] The round was led by [Andreessen Horowitz](/wiki/andreessen_horowitz), with participation from [Nvidia](/wiki/nvidia), Accel, ServiceNow, Cisco, AMD, and Jane Street.[^4][^21] Trade press described the round as one of the largest seed rounds in venture capital history.[^21]

The funding raised by Thinking Machines Lab attracted attention not only for its size but also for what it implied about market expectations around the founding team, since the company had not yet released a product or detailed its technical roadmap at the time the round closed.[^4][^21]

In November 2025, Bloomberg reported that the company was in talks to raise new capital at a valuation as high as $50 billion to $60 billion, which would have roughly quadrupled the seed price in under five months.[^28] Those discussions collapsed without a deal by January 2026, with prospective backers declining to support the higher valuation given the company's limited product track record; as of mid-2026 Thinking Machines Lab remained at its original $12 billion valuation.[^28]

### What is Tinker?

On October 1, 2025, Thinking Machines Lab released its first product, an API for fine-tuning open-weight language models called Tinker.[^23][^24] Tinker is designed for researchers and developers who want to fine-tune large open-weight models without managing the underlying distributed training infrastructure. The service supports a range of open-weight models, from compact models such as Llama-3.2-1B to large mixture-of-experts models, and exposes low-level primitives (named `forward_backward` and `sample`) that allow users to express custom post-training procedures including supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning.[^23][^24]

The Tinker service uses [LoRA](/wiki/lora) (Low-Rank Adaptation) to reduce the cost of fine-tuning by sharing compute resources across training jobs.[^23] Thinking Machines Lab also released an open-source companion library, the Tinker Cookbook, containing modern post-training implementations.[^23] Early users cited by the company included researchers at Princeton, Stanford, Berkeley and Redwood Research who applied the tool to tasks including theorem proving, chemistry reasoning and reinforcement learning experiments.[^23]

Tinker was launched as a private beta with free access, with the company indicating that usage-based pricing would be introduced subsequently.[^23][^24]

### Connectionism research blog

In September 2025, Thinking Machines Lab launched a public research blog called Connectionism. The inaugural post, titled "Defeating Nondeterminism in LLM Inference," analyzed why large language models often return different outputs for the same prompt even at temperature zero, and identified variability in batch size, rather than floating-point arithmetic alone, as a primary cause.[^22] Murati posted on X that the blog was part of the company's mission to "improve people's scientific understanding of AI and work with the broader research community."[^22]

### Interaction models and the 2026 strategy

On June 4, 2026, Murati made her first major media appearance in roughly 18 months, speaking at the Bloomberg Tech conference in San Francisco, where she previewed the company's emerging focus on what it calls "interaction models."[^29][^30] These are AI systems designed not for one-off prompts and responses but for continuous, real-time dialogue, processing streams of audio, text, and video and targeting a response latency of roughly 200 milliseconds, comparable to the speed of a human blink.[^30] Murati argued that frontier AI should function like a "tandem bike," with humans and machines collaborating throughout, rather than an autopilot that operates without human input.[^29][^30]

### Co-founder departures and talent competition

The size and prominence of the Thinking Machines Lab team made it a target for talent recruitment by other AI companies. Industry reporting in August 2025 indicated that Mark Zuckerberg's Meta Platforms had approached several Thinking Machines Lab employees with extremely large compensation offers as part of Meta's broader recruitment push for its Superintelligence Labs initiative; both Murati and co-founder Andrew Tulloch initially declined personal offers from Meta.[^25] According to Business Standard, the offer reportedly extended to Tulloch was structured as a compensation package worth up to $1.5 billion over six years, a figure Meta later disputed as inaccurate.[^19] Tulloch subsequently left Thinking Machines Lab for Meta.[^31]

In January 2026, the company experienced a wave of high-profile departures. Co-founders Barret Zoph (the chief technology officer) and Luke Metz, along with founding-team researcher Sam Schoenholz, left to return to OpenAI.[^31] The circumstances of Zoph's exit were disputed: Murati told staff that the company had terminated his employment over alleged "unethical conduct," while a memo from OpenAI's applications CEO Fidji Simo characterized it as a resignation, and OpenAI said it did not share Murati's concerns.[^31] The departures, reported by Fortune and others, fueled coverage of internal turmoil at the once-celebrated startup, even as the company continued to ship products and maintain billions of dollars in infrastructure commitments from [Nvidia](/wiki/nvidia) and Google.[^28][^31]

## Public profile and recognition

Murati has been featured on multiple lists of influential figures in technology. In October 2023, she was ranked 57th on Fortune's annual list of "The 100 Most Powerful Women in Business."[^1] In 2023 she was named to the TIME100 Next list, the magazine's catalog of rising leaders, and in 2024 she was named to the TIME100 AI list, which recognizes the 100 most influential people in artificial intelligence.[^1][^26] In June 2024, Dartmouth College presented her with an honorary Doctor of Science degree at its commencement ceremony, with the citation describing her as someone who had "democratized technology and advanced a better, safer world for us all."[^1][^6]

In public talks, congressional discussions and interviews, Murati has consistently argued that powerful AI systems should be deployed openly to the public so that society can observe their effects and develop appropriate norms and regulations, while also calling on governments to regulate frontier AI development.[^7][^9][^27] In a widely cited February 2023 TIME interview around the launch of ChatGPT, she stated that AI "should be regulated," at a time when most major technology companies were still publicly resistant to specific regulatory proposals.[^27] She has frequently emphasized the importance of safety research and the role of AI labs in collaborating with external researchers, governments, and civil society on the responsible development of advanced AI.[^7][^9][^27]

Murati is also a published author. In the spring 2022 issue of Daedalus, the journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Murati contributed an essay on "Language & Coding Creativity," discussing the role of large language models in creative work and software development.[^1]

In a 2024 Fortune profile, the magazine described her as one of a small number of executives who had been "instrumental in scaling OpenAI from a research organization to one of the most important AI companies in the world," and noted her transition from product manager at Tesla to chief technology officer of OpenAI within about a decade.[^5][^9]

She is fluent in Albanian, English and Italian, with the Italian-language ability featuring prominently during her live demonstration of GPT-4o's real-time translation capabilities at the May 2024 OpenAI Spring Update event.[^1][^11]

## Legacy and influence

Murati's career has made her one of the most prominent women in artificial intelligence and a recognizable face for the rapid public deployment of generative AI systems from 2022 to 2024. As CTO of [OpenAI](/wiki/openai) during the launches of [ChatGPT](/wiki/chatgpt), [GPT-4](/wiki/gpt-4) and [GPT-4o](/wiki/gpt_4o), she presided over a period in which the commercial and cultural footprint of large language models expanded dramatically. Her decision to leave OpenAI in September 2024 and found [Thinking Machines Lab](/wiki/thinking_machines_lab), and the subsequent $2 billion seed round closed in July 2025, have been widely cited as evidence of a broader trend of senior researchers and executives leaving incumbent AI labs to start new, frontier-scale companies.[^4][^17][^21]

The evolution of Thinking Machines Lab, including the Tinker product, the Connectionism research series, and the 2026 pivot toward real-time "interaction models," has kept Murati among the most closely watched founders in artificial intelligence, even as the company weathered stalled funding talks and the January 2026 return of two co-founders to OpenAI.[^22][^23][^28][^31] Her trajectory, from a mechanical engineering student building race cars at Dartmouth, to a product manager on Tesla's Model X, to chief technology officer of the company that brought generative AI into mainstream use, and finally to the founder of a frontier AI startup valued at $12 billion within months of leaving stealth, has been cited in business and engineering media as a representative case study of how the AI industry's leadership has been formed at the intersection of hardware engineering, consumer product development, and large-scale machine learning research.[^5][^6][^9][^21]

Murati's role during the November 2023 OpenAI board crisis, in particular, drew sustained scrutiny from journalists and historians of the AI industry, given that she became the first woman to lead OpenAI even on an interim basis, and given that her decision to publicly support Altman's reinstatement was widely credited with helping to stabilize the company during the five-day "blip."[^2][^13][^14][^15] Subsequent reporting and litigation related to OpenAI's governance have continued to refer to her tenure as a pivotal episode in the company's history.[^14][^15][^17]

## References

[^1]: Wikipedia. "Mira Murati." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Murati. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^2]: TechCrunch. "Who is Mira Murati, OpenAI's new interim CEO?" November 17, 2023. https://techcrunch.com/2023/11/17/who-is-mira-murati-openais-new-interim-ceo/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^3]: TechCrunch. "Thinking Machines Lab is ex-OpenAI CTO Mira Murati's new startup." February 18, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/02/18/thinking-machines-lab-is-ex-openai-cto-mira-muratis-new-startup/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^4]: TechCrunch. "Mira Murati's Thinking Machines Lab is worth $12B in seed round." July 15, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/15/mira-muratis-thinking-machines-lab-is-worth-12b-in-seed-round/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^5]: Fortune. "Meet Mira Murati, the 36-year-old tech prodigy who shot to fame at OpenAI and now runs a startup that's a poaching target for Mark Zuckerberg." October 3, 2025. https://fortune.com/2025/10/03/mira-murati-career-ai-thinking-machines-goldman-sachs-tesla-leap-openai/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^6]: Dartmouth Engineering. "OpenAI CTO Mira Murati Th'12 Shares Optimism for AI's Future." https://engineering.dartmouth.edu/news/openai-cto-mira-murati-th12-shares-optimism-for-ais-future. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^7]: Microsoft. "Behind the Tech: Mira Murati, Chief Technology Officer, OpenAI." https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/behind-the-tech/mira-murati-chief-technology-officer-openai. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^8]: VBProfiles. "Mira Murati, VP of Product, Leap Motion." https://www.vbprofiles.com/people/mira-murati-5aa7b6591dedae0ee3a1cd92. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^9]: Fortune. "Who is Mira Murati? The OpenAI executive who played a crucial role in the company's soaring ascent." https://fortune.com/longform/openai-mira-murati-chatgpt-dalle-3-generative-ai-agi/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^10]: TIME. "TIME100 Next 2023: Mira Murati." https://time.com/collection/time100-next-2023/6308517/mira-murati/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^11]: Axios. "OpenAI debuts new model with enhanced real-time voice abilities." May 13, 2024. https://www.axios.com/2024/05/13/openai-google-chatgpt-ai. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^12]: CNBC. "OpenAI considering restructuring to for-profit, CTO Mira Murati and two top research execs depart." September 25, 2024. https://www.cnbc.com/2024/09/25/openai-cto-mira-murati-announces-shes-leaving-the-company.html. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^13]: Fortune. "OpenAI names Twitch founder Emmett Shear new interim CEO." November 19, 2023. https://fortune.com/2023/11/19/openai-rehire-sam-altman-greg-brockman-interim-ceo-mira-murati/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^14]: The Week. "Who is Emmett Shear? Twitch co-founder replaces interim CEO Mira Murati; Sam Altman not returning." November 20, 2023. https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2023/11/20/who-is-emmett-shear-twitch-co-founder-replaces-interim-ceo-mira-murati-sam-altman-not-returning.html. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^15]: BGR. "OpenAI CEO Drama: Ex-Twitch CEO Emmett Shear Will Replace Mira Murati, Who Replaced Sam Altman." https://www.bgr.com/business/openai-ceo-mira-murati-5-things-to-know-about-sam-altmans-interim-successor/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^16]: CNN Business. "Mira Murati, OpenAI's technology chief, becomes the latest exec to leave the company." September 25, 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/tech/openai-technology-chief-mira-murati-leaving. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^17]: The Washington Post. "Top OpenAI executive Mira Murati leaves company." September 25, 2024. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/09/25/openai-mira-murati-departure-leaves/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^18]: Fortune. "Former OpenAI CTO Mira Murati unveils Thinking Machines Lab details and leadership team stacked with former OpenAI colleagues." February 18, 2025. https://fortune.com/2025/02/18/former-openai-cto-mira-murati-finally-unveils-her-thinking-machines-lab-startup-and-a-leadership-team-stacked-with-former-openai-colleagues/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^19]: Business Standard. "After Mira Murati's rejection, her cofounder turns down Zuckerberg's $1.5 bn offer." August 6, 2025. https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/mark-zuckerberg-mira-murati-meta-thinking-machines-lab-andrew-tulloch-offer-125080601247_1.html. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^20]: Wikipedia. "Thinking Machines Lab." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_Machines_Lab. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^21]: Crunchbase News. "Thinking Machines Lab's $2B Seed Round Is Biggest By A Long Shot." https://news.crunchbase.com/venture/biggest-seed-round-ai-thinking-machines-mira-murati/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^22]: TechCrunch. "Thinking Machines Lab wants to make AI models more consistent." September 10, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/09/10/thinking-machines-lab-wants-to-make-ai-models-more-consistent/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^23]: Thinking Machines Lab. "Announcing Tinker." October 1, 2025. https://thinkingmachines.ai/news/announcing-tinker/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^24]: Frontierbeat. "Tinker Tames AI! Mira Murati's New Tool Takes Complexity Out of Fine-Tuning." October 2, 2025. https://frontierbeat.com/2025/10/02/thinking-machines-lab-tinker-api-launch-fine-tuning/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^25]: The Next Web. "Meta hires five Thinking Machines Lab founders including a reported $1.5 billion engineer." https://thenextweb.com/news/meta-thinking-machines-lab-talent-raid. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^26]: TIME. "Mira Murati: The 100 Most Influential People in AI 2024." https://time.com/7012712/mira-murati-2/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^27]: TIME. "Mira Murati, Creator of ChatGPT, Thinks AI Should Be Regulated." February 2023. https://time.com/6252404/mira-murati-chatgpt-openai-interview/. Accessed 2026-05-19.

[^28]: StartupHub.ai. "Mira Murati's Thinking Machines: $2B Raised, $50B Stalled, Shipping." June 2, 2026. https://www.startuphub.ai/ai-news/ai-figures/2026/figure-mira-murati-company-financial-breakdown-2026-06-02. Accessed 2026-06-21.

[^29]: TechCrunch. "Mira Murati steps back into the spotlight, carefully." June 4, 2026. https://techcrunch.com/2026/06/04/mira-murati-steps-back-into-the-spotlight-carefully/. Accessed 2026-06-21.

[^30]: The AI Insider. "Mira Murati Breaks 18-Month Silence to Preview Real-Time AI Interaction Models at Thinking Machines Lab." June 9, 2026. https://theaiinsider.tech/2026/06/09/mira-murati-breaks-18-month-silence-to-preview-real-time-ai-interaction-models-at-thinking-machines-lab/. Accessed 2026-06-21.

[^31]: Fortune. "Former OpenAI CTO Mira Murati's AI startup Thinking Machines suffers wave of defections." January 16, 2026. https://fortune.com/2026/01/16/mira-murati-thinking-machines-staff-defections-openai-zoph-metz-schoenholz/. Accessed 2026-06-21.