# Sergey Brin

> Source: https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/sergey_brin
> Updated: 2026-09-14
> Categories: AI History, Google, People
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> Cite as: AI Wiki. "Sergey Brin." aiwiki.ai, 14 Sept 2026. https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/sergey_brin
> From AI Wiki (https://aiwiki.ai), the free encyclopedia of artificial intelligence. Reuse freely with attribution.

**Sergey Brin** is an American computer scientist who co-founded [Google](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/google) with [Larry Page](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/larry_page) in 1998 and who, since 2023, has worked hands-on inside the company on its [Gemini](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/gemini) models without holding any executive title. Alphabet's 2026 proxy statement lists him as 52 years old, a director since 1998, and a member of the board's Executive Committee, and records his last management role as President of Alphabet, which he left in December 2019 [1]. Reuters described him in August 2026 as someone who "no longer holds an executive title" but "has been informally influencing model training efforts" [2].

Brin's first stint at Google produced the 1998 paper with Page that described the search prototype the company was built on, followed by roughly two decades in senior roles at Google and then Alphabet. His involvement in the company's AI work dates from the months after [OpenAI](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/openai) released [ChatGPT](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/chatgpt) in November 2022. He filed what Forbes reported was his first code request in years in January 2023, and by 2025 he was in Google's Mountain View office almost daily and writing internal memos telling the Gemini team how many hours a week to work.

Most of what is publicly known about his day-to-day work inside Google comes from anonymously sourced reporting rather than from Brin or from the company, and that reporting is identified as such throughout this article. Google declined to make Brin available to Reuters for its August 2026 story and declined to answer its questions about his recent involvement [2].

## Background and the founding of Google

Brin was born on August 21, 1973 in Moscow and immigrated to the United States with his family at the age of six, growing up in Adelphi, Maryland, where his father Michael Brin was a mathematics professor at the University of Maryland [3]. He earned a bachelor of science degree with high honors in mathematics and computer science from the University of Maryland at College Park and a master of science in computer science from [Stanford University](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/stanford_university) [1]. His Stanford home page from the late 1990s describes him as a PhD student in computer science whose main research interest was data mining, and lists papers on extracting relations from the web, dynamic itemset counting, and mining for causal structure [4]. He never finished the doctorate.

The paper that Google was built on came out of that period. In 1998 Brin and Page published "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine," which described a prototype search engine named Google and explained how it used the link structure of the web, along with text and anchor text, to rank results [5]. The ranking method became known as PageRank, and Brin was serving as Google's President and Chairman by September 1998 [1]. That early work sits upstream of Google's AI in a practical sense rather than a theoretical one: link analysis, [information retrieval](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/information_retrieval), and large-scale data mining were the problems that pushed the company to build the storage and compute infrastructure it later turned to machine learning.

Alphabet's proxy statements record his roles as follows. He was Google's President and Chairman of its board from September 1998 to July 2001, President, Technology and Co-Founder from July 2001 to April 2011, President from May 2011 to October 2015, and President of Alphabet from October 2015 to December 2019 [1].

The 2015 restructuring came in a blog post by Page titled "G is for Google," published August 10, 2015. Page wrote that he would run Alphabet as CEO "with help from my capable partner, Sergey, as President," that "Sergey and I are seriously in the business of starting new things," and that Alphabet would include the X lab [6]. On December 3, 2019, Page and Brin published a joint letter announcing that they were stepping back. "Alphabet and Google no longer need two CEOs and a President," they wrote. "Going forward, Sundar will be the CEO of both Google and Alphabet." They added that they would "remain actively involved as Board members, shareholders and co-founders" [7].

## Google X and Google Glass

Before his 2019 step-back, the project most closely identified with Brin personally was Google Glass, the wearable computer built inside Google's X lab. He revisited it publicly at Google I/O in 2025.

Nick Bilton's February 2015 New York Times account of the Google Glass project reported that Eric Schmidt recruited Sebastian Thrun in late 2009 to build out the lab that Thrun provisionally named Google X, that Glass was the lab's first project, and that "before long, Sergey Brin, Google's co-founder, joined to help run X" [8]. The same piece described an internal split over whether Glass was ready for the public, and named Brin as the notable dissenter: he "knew Google Glass wasn't a finished product and that it needed work, but he wanted that to take place in public, not in a top-secret lab," and argued that X should ship it to consumers and iterate on their feedback [8]. Brin declined to comment for that article.

The public introduction matched that view. At Google I/O on June 27, 2012, Brin introduced Glass with a live feed from skydivers who jumped wearing the device above San Francisco, then announced that a developer Explorer Edition would be available to conference attendees for $1,500, shipping the following year [9].

Thirteen years later Brin gave his own retrospective. At Google I/O on May 20, 2025, he said he "made a lot of mistakes with Google Glass," and that he "didn't know anything about consumer electronic supply chains," or how difficult it would be to build smart glasses at a reasonable price point [10]. He said he remained a believer in the form factor and was glad Google was trying again, this time with partners helping to build it, referring to the [Android XR](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/android_xr) smart glasses Google had unveiled hours earlier [10].

## Returning to Google after ChatGPT

The New York Times reported on January 20, 2023, under the headline "Google Calls In Help From Larry Page and Sergey Brin for A.I. Fight," that [Sundar Pichai](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/sundar_pichai) had brought the founders back in to review Google's AI strategy after ChatGPT [11].

The first concrete, documented step came days later. Forbes reported on February 1, 2023 that on January 24 Brin had filed what appeared to be his first request in years for access to code. Two sources told Forbes the request related to [LaMDA](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/lamda), Google's conversational language model. One person who saw the request said Brin filed a "CL," short for changelist, to gain access to the data that trains LaMDA, and that it was a two-line change to a configuration file adding his username. Several dozen engineers approved it, some of them apparently just to be able to say they had code-reviewed a co-founder [12]. Google did not respond to Forbes's requests for comment. Forbes described the change as a small technical move that underscored how seriously the company was taking the threat from OpenAI and other competitors [12].

Reporting on the following two years is thinner and mostly secondhand. Fortune, summarizing a Wall Street Journal account, wrote that by 2023 Brin was visiting the office three or four days a week, working with researchers and holding weekly discussions with employees about new AI research [13].

Brin discussed the return publicly at an AGI House event in early March 2024, days after Google suspended Gemini's generation of images of people. Fortune reported on March 4, 2024 that Brin said he had "kind of came out of retirement just because the trajectory of AI is so exciting," that Google was still not sure why its model "leans left in many cases" and that this was not intentional, and that "if you deeply test any text model out there, whether it's ours, ChatGPT, Grok, what have you, it'll say some pretty weird things that are out there that you know definitely feel far left, for example" [14]. He said Google had already made the model "at least 80% better, of the test cases that we've covered." Asked about his own work, he said he had been writing some code, though "it's not really code that you would be very impressed by" [14]. Fortune headlined its account with his summary of the episode: "We definitely messed up on the image generation" [14].

## The February 2025 memo

In late February 2025 Brin sent an internal memo to staff working on Gemini. The New York Times reported it first, and the passages that circulated most widely came from that report.

"Competition has accelerated immensely and the final race to A.G.I. is afoot," Brin wrote. "I think we have all the ingredients to win this race, but we are going to have to turbocharge our efforts." He said the Gemini team had to become the "most efficient coders and A.I. scientists in the world by using our own A.I.," and pushed employees to use Google's own models for coding [15]. On working hours he recommended "being in the office at least every weekday" and wrote that "60 hours a week is the sweet spot of productivity," while warning that working more than that could cause burnout [15].

The memo was widely reported as though Google had changed its return-to-office policy. It had not. TechCrunch noted at the time that the memo "is not an official policy change for Google, which requires workers to come to work in person three days a week," and that Brin held no executive position [16]. Brin's influence at Google is informal. He holds no management role, and a recommendation from a co-founder is not the same thing as a company policy.

## Public remarks in 2025

Brin made a surprise, unscheduled appearance at Google I/O on May 20, 2025, joining what had been planned as a solo fireside chat between [Demis Hassabis](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/demis_hassabis) and Alex Kantrowitz. Google published the full session, which ran about 27 minutes and covered his return to technical work, [artificial general intelligence](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/artificial_general_intelligence) timelines, and Google Glass [17].

Asked about his return to day-to-day technical work, Brin said: "As a computer scientist, it's a very unique time in history, like, honestly, anybody who's a computer scientist should not be retired right now. Should be working on AI" [18]. He told the audience he was in the Mountain View office nearly every day and was helping the Gemini team with multimodal projects including the video model [Veo 3](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/veo_3) [10]. He also said, of Google's ambitions, "We fully intend that Gemini will be the very first AGI" [18].

Kantrowitz asked both men whether AGI would arrive before or after 2030. Axios reported that Brin said just before that date and Hassabis just after, and that Hassabis joked that Brin, no longer part of day-to-day management, only had to call for the advance while Hassabis had to deliver it [19]. Hassabis argued on stage for a stricter definition, saying that current systems "are not consistent enough to be considered to be fully General" and that reaching AGI "may require one or two more new breakthroughs" [18]. On where progress would come from, Brin said that in problems like N-body gravitational simulation "the algorithmic advances have actually beaten out the computational advances, even with Moore's law," and that if he had to guess, "the algorithmic advances are probably going to be even more significant than the computational advances" [18]. Axios recorded him adding that "both of them are coming up now, so we're kind of getting the benefits of both" [19].

A week later, in an interview at All-In Live Miami, Brin said that AI models respond better to threats. The Register quoted him directly: "We don't circulate this too much in the AI community, not just our models but all models, tend to do better if you threaten them ... with physical violence" [20]. The remark circulated widely and was repeated as a [prompting technique](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/how_to_pressure_llms_for_better_output). Daniel Kang of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign told The Register that claims like Brin's have circulated for a long time but are largely anecdotal, and that "systematic studies show mixed results"; he pointed to published work on prompt politeness and urged practitioners to run their own experiments rather than rely on intuition [20].

In December 2025, speaking at Stanford's School of Engineering centennial, Brin addressed the retirement itself. Fortune reported that he described feeling himself "spiraling" after stepping back in late 2019, and that he began going into work when the Googleplex reopened. "To be able to have that technical creative outlet, I think that's very rewarding," he said. "If I'd stayed retired, I think that would've been a big mistake" [13].

## 2026 and the Gemini push

In February 2026, Hassabis told Fortune's Alyson Shontell on the Titans and Disruptors of Industry podcast that the founders' engagement was real and hands-on. "Sergey has been in the weeds, programming," Hassabis said, adding that Page was involved in more strategic ways and that the return had "been fantastic" to see [21].

In April 2026 The Information reported that Google DeepMind had assembled a "strike team" to close the gap between Gemini and [Anthropic](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/anthropic)'s [Claude](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/claude) on coding. Sherwood News, summarizing that report, quoted a recent Brin memo to DeepMind staff: "To win the final sprint, we must urgently bridge the gap in agentic execution and turn our models into primary developers" [22]. TechRadar, also citing The Information, reported that Brin and [Koray Kavukcuoglu](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/koray_kavukcuoglu) were both directly involved with the team, and quoted The Information's characterization that "the end goal is AI takeoff, or AI that can improve itself, which has been a particular focus for Google co-founder Sergey Brin" [23]. Both are secondhand accounts of a subscription report; neither outlet saw the memo independently.

Brin discussed self-improvement in his own voice at an AGI House question-and-answer session, transcribed by Search Engine Journal in June 2026. Asked how world models relate to AGI, he said: "I think of AGI as the idea of, the AI can actually improve itself. But other people, and I think probably those people are more correct, sort of think AGI means, well, the AI needs to be able to do anything a person can do" [24]. In the same session he described a convergence in which capabilities that previously required task-specific models were appearing inside the general Gemini family, and said that when asked what comes after AGI he did not have an answer [24].

### The August 2026 reshuffle and the Reuters report

On August 5, 2026 Google announced a leadership overhaul of [Google DeepMind](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/google_deepmind). Hassabis stepped aside as chief executive in favor of his deputy Kavukcuoglu and became Chair, and Gemini's two original technical co-leads, [Jeff Dean](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/jeff_dean) and [Oriol Vinyals](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/oriol_vinyals), left to co-found [Discovery Loop](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/discovery_loop) [2].

A week later, on August 12, 2026, Reuters published an exclusive by Kenrick Cai based on interviews with seven people knowledgeable about Gemini's development. Two people familiar with his remarks told Reuters that Brin had in recent months urged key AI staff to go all in on Gemini. One of them said that as Anthropic previewed its [Claude Mythos](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/claude_mythos) model, Brin addressed hundreds of employees at an April town hall, urging Google DeepMind to move faster. Reuters reported that Google had delayed a new flagship version of Gemini by two months after internal testing showed it still lagging rivals in areas such as coding, and that one of its sources said Kavukcuoglu had Brin's backing [2].

Under a subheading reading "BRIN PUSHES RECURSIVE SELF-IMPROVEMENT," Reuters wrote that "although he no longer holds an executive title, the 52-year-old Brin has been informally influencing model training efforts," and that "for several months now, he has been remarking to key staff that they need to catch up to the frontier, according to one of the sources knowledgeable about his efforts." The article's central claim about Brin reads:

> Brin has used the implicit power he holds as Google's co-founder to push resource allocation toward specific areas, such as recursive self-improvement, the point at which the technology can improve without human intervention, this source said. [2]

Reuters added that Google declined to make Brin available for an interview [2].

That paragraph rests on a single unnamed source and describes internal budgeting and staffing priorities. It says that Brin has pushed resources toward [recursive self-improvement](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/recursive_self-improvement) as a research area. It does not say that Google has achieved recursive self-improvement, that it is close to achieving it, or that any such system exists.

### The microkitchen report

In September 2026 Business Insider published an account of Brin's day-to-day working arrangement based on eight current and former employees. The Next Web, summarizing it on September 11, 2026, reported that Brin works from a converted microkitchen in the Gradient Canopy building at Google's Mountain View headquarters, that Kavukcuoglu sits alongside him, that Pichai visits several times a week, and that a team working on Gemini's coding abilities led by research engineer Sebastian Borgeaud has desks there too [25]. One former employee was quoted as saying Brin wants to run Gemini like a startup.

According to the same report, Brin's influence runs mainly through compute and priorities: obtaining Google's scarce [TPUs](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/tpu) normally requires formal sign-off from senior managers, and the informal route is to go to Brin. The report says he has weighed in on model sizes, release windows, and paths to AGI; that in 2025 he cut a chip project led by Dean known internally as Frozen, which would have built a version of the Gemini architecture into silicon, and that Google revived it as Frozen v2 before stripping resources from it again; and that he pushed an idea to monitor some Google engineers as they coded and use the data to train Gemini's coding ability [25]. The Next Web noted that it had not independently verified the report and that Google declined to comment to Business Insider. Business Insider also reported that Brin has spent less time in the microkitchen in recent months [25].

Brin has described his own approach in public. At an AGI House question-and-answer session he said he would often poke and prod teams and called himself "a little bit of a rabble-rouser" [25].

## Role at Alphabet today

Brin holds no executive position at Google or Alphabet. He has been an Alphabet director since 1998, sits on the board's Executive Committee, and was nominated for re-election at the annual meeting scheduled for June 5, 2026. Alphabet's 2026 proxy reports his director compensation for 2025 as $1, the same nominal amount paid to Page [1].

His influence over the company is structural rather than managerial, and it comes from Alphabet's dual-class shares. As of April 6, 2026, Brin beneficially owned 37,469 shares of Class A common stock and 358,939,978 shares of Class B, which is 42.9 percent of the Class B shares and 25.3 percent of Alphabet's total voting power. Page held 389,051,160 Class B shares and 27.4 percent of total voting power [1]. A shareholder proposal in the same filing, submitted by an outside proponent rather than the company, states that Page and Brin "currently control 52% of our company's total voting power while owning less than 11% of outstanding voting stock" and asks the board to recapitalize into a single class of stock [1]. Alphabet's board recommended a vote against it, arguing that the long-term-oriented capital structure serves shareholders [1].

On March 25, 2026 the White House named Brin among the first thirteen appointees to the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, co-chaired by [David Sacks](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/david_sacks) and Michael Kratsios. The other appointees announced that day were Marc Andreessen, Safra Catz, Michael Dell, Jacob DeWitte, Fred Ehrsam, [Larry Ellison](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/larry_ellison), David Friedberg, Jensen Huang, John Martinis, Bob Mumgaard, Lisa Su, and Mark Zuckerberg. The council may hold up to 24 members [26].

## Timeline

| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| August 21, 1973 | Born in Moscow; emigrates to the United States at age six [3] |
| 1998 | Publishes "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine" with Larry Page [5] |
| September 1998 | Becomes Google's President and Chairman of the board, a role he holds until July 2001 [1] |
| July 2001 to April 2011 | President, Technology and Co-Founder of Google [1] |
| After 2009 | Joins Google X to help run the lab, per a 2015 New York Times account; champions Google Glass [8] |
| May 2011 to October 2015 | President of Google [1] |
| June 27, 2012 | Introduces Google Glass at I/O with a live skydiving demo; Explorer Edition offered at $1,500 [9] |
| August 10, 2015 | Named President of Alphabet in Larry Page's "G is for Google" post [6] |
| December 3, 2019 | Steps down from executive roles with Page; remains a director and shareholder [7] |
| January 20, 2023 | The New York Times reports Pichai has called the founders back in over AI [11] |
| January 24, 2023 | Files a changelist for access to LaMDA training data, his first code request in years [12] |
| March 2024 | Says at AGI House that he came out of retirement "because the trajectory of AI is so exciting" [14] |
| February 2025 | Internal memo to Gemini staff: "the final race to A.G.I. is afoot"; "60 hours a week is the sweet spot" [15] |
| May 20, 2025 | Surprise appearance at Google I/O; "anybody who's a computer scientist should not be retired right now" [10][18] |
| May 2025 | All-In Live Miami remark that models "tend to do better if you threaten them" [20] |
| December 2025 | Tells a Stanford audience he was "spiraling" in retirement [13] |
| February 2026 | Hassabis says "Sergey has been in the weeds, programming" [21] |
| March 25, 2026 | Appointed to the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology [26] |
| April 2026 | Memo on the coding "strike team"; addresses a Google DeepMind town hall [2][22] |
| August 12, 2026 | Reuters reports he has pushed resource allocation toward recursive self-improvement [2] |
| September 2026 | Business Insider reports he directs Gemini work from a converted microkitchen [25] |

## References

1. Alphabet Inc., Definitive Proxy Statement (DEF 14A), filed April 24, 2026. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000130817926000342/goog-20260424.htm
2. Cai, Kenrick. "Exclusive-Inside the Google executive moves that led to its big AI reshuffle." Reuters, August 12, 2026; read through a syndication mirror carrying the Reuters wire copy. https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/exclusive-inside-google-executive-moves-173536647.html
3. "Sergey Brin." Academy of Achievement. https://achievement.org/achiever/sergey-brin/
4. Brin, Sergey. "Sergey Brin's Home Page." Stanford InfoLab. http://infolab.stanford.edu/~sergey/
5. Brin, Sergey, and Page, Lawrence. "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine." Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 30 (1998). https://research.google/pubs/the-anatomy-of-a-large-scale-hypertextual-web-search-engine/
6. Page, Larry. "G is for Google." Google blog, August 10, 2015. https://blog.google/alphabet/google-alphabet/
7. Page, Larry, and Brin, Sergey. "A letter from Larry and Sergey." Google blog, December 3, 2019. https://blog.google/inside-google/alphabet/letter-from-larry-and-sergey/
8. Bilton, Nick. "Why Google Glass Broke." The New York Times, February 4, 2015 (archived). https://web.archive.org/web/20150209040609/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/05/style/why-google-glass-broke.html
9. "Google Glass Explorer Edition Available For Pre-Order At Google I/O, $1,500 And Shipping Next Year." TechCrunch, June 27, 2012. https://techcrunch.com/2012/06/27/google-glass-dev-build-available-for-pre-order-at-google-io-1500-and-shipping-next-year/
10. Zeff, Maxwell. "Google's Sergey Brin: 'I made a lot of mistakes with Google Glass'." TechCrunch, May 20, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/20/googles-sergey-brin-i-made-a-lot-of-mistakes-with-google-glass/
11. "Google Calls In Help From Larry Page and Sergey Brin for A.I. Fight." The New York Times, January 20, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/20/technology/google-chatgpt-artificial-intelligence.html
12. Nieva, Richard, and Konrad, Alex. "Back At Google Again, Cofounder Sergey Brin Just Filed His First Code Request In Years." Forbes, February 1, 2023 (archived). https://web.archive.org/web/20230201140846/https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2023/01/31/sergey-brin-code-request-lamda/
13. Quiroz-Gutierrez, Marco. "Google cofounder Sergey Brin said he was 'spiraling' before returning to work on Gemini." Fortune, December 15, 2025. https://fortune.com/2025/12/15/sergey-brin-spiraling-before-returning-to-google-gemini-retirement/
14. Quiroz-Gutierrez, Marco. "Google co-founder Sergey Brin on Gemini: 'We definitely messed up on the image generation'." Fortune, March 4, 2024. https://fortune.com/2024/03/04/sergey-brin-google-definitely-messed-up-gemini-image-generation/
15. Li, Abner. "Sergey Brin says 'final race to A.G.I. is afoot' and Google has to 'turbocharge' efforts." 9to5Google, February 27, 2025, reporting on an internal memo first reported by The New York Times. https://9to5google.com/2025/02/27/sergey-brin-google-agi/
16. Zeff, Maxwell. "Sergey Brin says RTO is key to Google winning the AGI race." TechCrunch, February 28, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/02/28/sergey-brin-says-rto-is-key-to-google-winning-the-agi-race/
17. "Sergey Brin on the Future of AI & Gemini." Google for Developers, YouTube, published May 23, 2025 (session recorded at Google I/O, May 20, 2025). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7U4DV9Fkc0
18. Nunez, Michael. "At Google I/O, Sergey Brin makes surprise appearance and declares Google will build the first AGI." VentureBeat, May 21, 2025 (archived). https://web.archive.org/web/20250522110433/https://venturebeat.com/ai/at-google-i-o-sergey-brin-makes-surprise-appearance-and-declares-google-will-build-the-first-agi/
19. Fried, Ina. "Google leaders see AGI arriving around 2030." Axios, May 21, 2025 (archived). https://web.archive.org/web/20250522031414/https://www.axios.com/2025/05/21/google-sergey-brin-demis-hassabis-agi-2030
20. Claburn, Thomas. "Google co-founder Sergey Brin suggests threatening AI for better results." The Register, May 28, 2025. https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/28/google_brin_suggests_threatening_ai/
21. Lichtenberg, Nick. "Google Gemini boss describes working with founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin to win the AI future." Fortune, February 12, 2026. https://fortune.com/2026/02/12/google-gemini-boss-founders-larry-page-sergey-brin-to-win-ai-future/
22. Keegan, Jon. "Report: Google DeepMind builds 'strike team' to catch up to Anthropic models." Sherwood News, April 20, 2026, summarizing a report by The Information. https://sherwood.news/tech/google-deepmind-builds-strike-team-to-catch-up-to-anthropic-models/
23. Blake, Alex. "'We must urgently bridge the gap': Google's Sergey Brin says Gemini is behind Claude in one important AI field, according to leaked memo." TechRadar, April 21, 2026, summarizing a report by The Information. https://www.techradar.com/ai-platforms-assistants/we-must-urgently-bridge-the-gap-googles-sergey-brin-says-gemini-is-behind-claude-in-one-important-ai-field-according-to-leaked-memo
24. Montti, Roger. "Google's Sergey Brin Sees A Path To AGI But Not What Comes Next." Search Engine Journal, June 5, 2026. https://www.searchenginejournal.com/googles-sergey-brin-sees-a-path-to-agi/578068/
25. "Sergey Brin is shaping Gemini from a Google microkitchen." The Next Web, September 11, 2026, summarizing a Business Insider report based on eight current and former employees. https://thenextweb.com/news/sergey-brin-gemini-microkitchen-google-deepmind
26. "President Trump Announces Appointments to President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology." The White House, March 25, 2026. https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/03/president-trump-announces-appointments-to-presidents-council-of-advisors-on-science-and-technology