# Uber

> Source: https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uber
> Updated: 2026-09-04
> Fact-checked: 2026-09-04
> Categories: AI Companies, Autonomous Vehicles
> License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) - attribute to "AI Wiki (aiwiki.ai)"
> Cite as: AI Wiki. "Uber." aiwiki.ai, 4 Sept 2026. https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uber
> From AI Wiki (https://aiwiki.ai), the free encyclopedia of artificial intelligence. Reuse freely with attribution.

**Uber Technologies, Inc.** is an American ride-hailing, food-delivery, and freight company that operates one of the largest production [machine learning](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/machine_learning) systems in the consumer internet, serving more than 10 million real-time predictions per second at peak through its internal ML platform [Michelangelo](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/michelangelo).[21] Beneath the ride-hailing app sits a decade-long [AI](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/ai) effort spanning Michelangelo, the now-wound-down research group [Uber AI Labs](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uber_ai_labs),[15] widely used open-source tools such as [Pyro](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/pyro) and [Horovod](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/horovod), and a self-driving program ([Uber ATG](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uber_atg)) that Uber sold to [Aurora](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/aurora_innovation) in December 2020 after a fatal 2018 pedestrian crash.[5][8] Headquartered in San Francisco and incorporated in Delaware, the company began as **UberCab** in March 2009, founded by [Travis Kalanick](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/travis_kalanick) and [Garrett Camp](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/garrett_camp), and went public on the New York Stock Exchange on May 10, 2019 under the ticker UBER.[2]

The matchmaking that pairs a driver with a rider, the ETA shown when the car is two minutes out, the surge multiplier that bumps your fare on a Friday night, the fraud check that quietly cancels a stolen-card payment, and the recommendation banner at the top of Uber Eats are all running through internal models that engineers at Uber have been training and retraining for more than a decade. The company also produced one of the more peculiar AI research labs of the late 2010s, Uber AI Labs,[15] and in the same period operated one of the more troubled [autonomous vehicle](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/autonomous_vehicle) programs in the industry, Uber ATG, which it eventually sold to Aurora in late 2020 after a fatal pedestrian crash in Arizona.[5] Since the sale Uber has treated autonomy as a partnership business rather than an engineering one, and on September 3, 2026 that approach produced what the companies described as the first autonomous rides available to the public in the United Kingdom: supervised trips in London on Ford Mustang Mach-E cars driven by [Wayve](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/wayve)'s AI Driver, with a licensed driver on board.[26][27]

## Founding and early years

The origin story has been told often enough to feel like a parable. On a snowy December evening in Paris in 2008, [Garrett Camp](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/garrett_camp), the cofounder of StumbleUpon, could not find a cab. He started [sketching](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/sketching) ideas for a button you could press on a phone to summon a black car. He kept refining the concept after he came back to San Francisco. On New Year's Eve 2008, Camp and his friend [Travis Kalanick](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/travis_kalanick) spent around eight hundred dollars on a chartered driver across the city, which Camp later said convinced him that the cost could be cut by an order of magnitude if you let one driver pick up successive passengers via app. Kalanick was a serial entrepreneur who had sold his last company, Red Swoosh, to Akamai for around nineteen million dollars in 2007.

UberCab was incorporated in March 2009. Camp and two early collaborators, Oscar Salazar and Conrad Whelan, built the prototype. Kalanick joined as what he called a "chief incubator" and angel investor. Ryan Graves answered a tweet from Kalanick about a startup hire and became the first employee in February 2010, and was briefly the company's first CEO before Kalanick took the role in late 2010. The first ride happened in San Francisco in July 2010, after a private beta in May. By October the city's taxi regulator had sent a cease-and-desist letter complaining about the word "cab" in the name, and the company quietly dropped it. From then on it was just Uber.

Funding came fast. First Round Capital led a seed round of around 1.25 million dollars in 2010. Benchmark led an eleven-million-dollar Series A in February 2011. [Menlo Ventures](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/menlo_ventures) led a thirty-seven-million-dollar Series B in late 2011 with TPG and Goldman Sachs participating. [Google Ventures](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/google_ventures) led a 258-million-dollar Series C in August 2013, with David Drummond, then a senior Google executive, taking a board seat. By 2015 Uber had raised more than a billion in a single round, with private valuations that climbed past sixty billion dollars before any of it was tested by the public market.

## Uber Rides

The original product was simply called Uber and was built around black town [cars](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/cars) driven by licensed limousine drivers. In July 2012 the company introduced **UberX**, a low-cost option using ordinary drivers in their own cars. UberX was the first time the company moved decisively into the gray area between licensed transport and what regulators kept calling "unlawful taxi service." The legal fights that followed defined Uber's relationship with city governments for years.

The core product line later expanded into a long list of variations. UberPOOL (2014, later renamed UberX Share), Uber Comfort, Uber Black, Uber Premier, Uber XL, Uber Pet, Uber Reserve, Uber Connect, Uber Teen, and Uber Health are all built on the same dispatch and pricing engines. The matching algorithm assigns the closest available driver to each request, with adjustments for vehicle category, driver rating, predicted route, and pickup viability. The pricing engine layers a base fare with per-mile and per-minute rates and applies a surge multiplier when local demand outruns supply.

## Uber Eats and Uber Freight

**Uber Eats** started as a small experiment called **UberFRESH** in Santa Monica in August 2014, delivering a curated lunch menu. It rebranded as Uber Eats in 2015 and launched as a separate app in Toronto in late 2015. By the early 2020s Uber Eats had grown into the company's second business line and was, in many quarters, the single fastest-growing part of the company. After the December 2020 acquisition of Postmates for 2.65 billion dollars in stock,[4] Uber Eats became the largest food delivery service in the United States by some measures, competing with [DoorDash](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/doordash), Grubhub, and Instacart. The company also bought the alcohol delivery service Drizly in February 2021 for 1.1 billion dollars, although it shut Drizly down in early 2024 after deciding to fold the alcohol business directly into the Uber Eats app. In 2026 Uber went after a much larger delivery target. On July 16, 2026 it announced a voluntary cash takeover offer for Delivery Hero at 41.50 euros per share, which Uber put at an equity value of 14.8 billion dollars for the whole company (13.7 billion after its earlier stake purchases), with Delivery Hero separately agreeing to sell its businesses in 14 overlapping markets to SSW Partners.[63] The offer document was published on August 27, 2026 after approval by BaFin, with an acceptance period running to November 5, 2026, so the offer was still open in early September 2026.[64]

**Uber Freight** launched in May 2017, initially in Texas, as a kind of trucking equivalent of UberX. Shippers list loads, carriers and owner-operators bid through the app, and Uber Freight handles the brokerage in between. The unit was led by Lior Ron, who had been one of the cofounders of Otto, the autonomous trucking startup Uber acquired in 2016. In November 2021 Uber Freight bought Transplace, a managed transportation provider, for around 2.25 billion dollars in cash and stock, vaulting the unit into the top tier of US freight brokers.

## International expansion and consolidation

The most aggressive period of Uber's international growth ran from 2013 through about 2017. The company entered hundreds of cities, fought running regulatory and legal battles in many of them, and burned through billions of dollars in subsidies trying to outlast local incumbents. The strategy worked in some markets and failed loudly in others.

- In **China**, Uber spent two years and roughly two billion dollars chasing [Didi Chuxing](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/didi). On August 1, 2016 it gave up and sold its China business to Didi in a deal valuing Uber China at around 35 billion dollars. Uber walked away with about a 17.7 percent equity stake in the combined company and a one-billion-dollar cash investment from Didi. Didi founder Cheng Wei joined Uber's board, and Kalanick joined Didi's.
- In **Russia**, Uber merged its operations with Yandex's ride-hailing arm in July 2017, taking a minority stake in the resulting joint venture, Yandex.Taxi.
- In **Southeast Asia**, Uber sold its operations across eight countries to [Grab](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/grab) on March 26, 2018, again in exchange for equity rather than cash. Uber received a 27.5 percent stake in Grab and CEO Dara Khosrowshahi joined Grab's board.
- In **India**, Uber kept fighting and is still operating today against the local giant Ola.

This pattern (enter a market, burn cash, then trade the local business for stock in the eventual winner) was eventually formalized by Khosrowshahi as a strategy. By 2020 the company had a portfolio of minority stakes in regional ride-hailing leaders that quietly accounted for billions of dollars on its balance sheet.

## Funding and the SoftBank deal

The Saudi Arabian Public Investment Fund put 3.5 billion dollars into Uber in June 2016 for roughly a five percent stake, taking a board seat in the process.[19] It was at the time the largest single investment a foreign government had ever made into a venture-backed startup.[19]

The biggest single private financing round arrived at the end of 2017. After months of board fights, [SoftBank](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/softbank)'s [Vision Fund](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/vision_fund) led a roughly nine-billion-dollar deal that valued Uber at 48 billion dollars, a significant discount to its previous 68-billion-dollar valuation. Most of the money was a tender offer to existing shareholders rather than fresh capital. The deal closed in January 2018 and made SoftBank, run by [Masayoshi Son](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/masayoshi_son), Uber's largest shareholder.

## IPO

Uber filed its S-1 in April 2019 and listed on the New York Stock Exchange on May 10, 2019.[2] The IPO priced 180 million shares at 45 dollars each, the bottom of the indicated range, raising about 8.1 billion dollars and giving the company a non-diluted valuation of roughly 75.5 billion dollars.[3] The opening trade was 42 dollars and the stock closed its first day at 41.57, down 7.6 percent. The debut was widely called the worst large-cap IPO in years on a first-day basis. By June 2019 the stock had finally crossed back above 45.

## How does Uber use AI and machine learning?

This is the part that justifies Uber's place on an [AI wiki](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/ai_wiki), and it is much larger than most outside observers realize. The company's machine learning footprint runs across three rough categories: an internal ML platform that powers nearly every consumer-facing feature; a research lab that produced influential open-source tools and some genuinely novel academic work; and a long, expensive, ultimately abandoned bet on developing self-driving cars in-house.

### What was Uber AI Labs?

In December 2016 Uber announced the formation of **Uber AI Labs**, built around the acquisition of [Geometric Intelligence](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/geometric_intelligence).[15] The acquisition price was never disclosed officially, but reporting at the time put it in the tens of millions.[15] Geometric Intelligence had been founded in 2014 by four researchers: [Gary Marcus](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/gary_marcus), then a professor of psychology and neural science at NYU; [Zoubin Ghahramani](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/zoubin_ghahramani), a Cambridge machine learning professor and Royal Society Fellow; Ken Stanley, a computer science professor at the University of Central Florida; and Douglas Bemis, a recent NYU PhD.[15] Marcus was the founding director of Uber AI Labs, and the acquisition brought 15 members who formed the initial core of the AI Labs team.[15][22]

The lab's mandate was unusually broad for an industrial AI group. The team published in NeurIPS and ICML on subjects that had nothing obvious to do with ride-hailing, including neuroevolution, open-ended learning, probabilistic programming, and deep generative modeling. Marcus left in early 2017 after only a few months, and Ghahramani took over as Chief Scientist before himself moving on to Google in 2020. Jeff Clune, Ken Stanley, and Joel Lehman led much of the lab's later research output before the group was wound down through a series of layoffs in 2020.

A short list of the better-known research projects to come out of Uber AI:

- **POET (Paired Open-Ended Trailblazer).** Wang, Lehman, Clune, and Stanley, published in 2019.[13] POET coevolves a population of environments and a population of agents that solve them, with stepping-stone transfer between problems.[13] It is one of the more cited works in the open-ended learning literature.
- **Manifold.** A model-agnostic visualization tool for diagnosing the failure modes of ML models.
- **Plato.** A neural network debugger that lets engineers introspect activations and attention patterns inside trained models.
- **Differentiable Plasticity.** Work led by Thomas Miconi on neural networks that learn to learn through synaptic plasticity, published at ICML 2018.

### What open-source AI tools did Uber release?

The lab and the broader engineering organization shipped a string of open-source releases that genuinely shaped the open-source machine learning ecosystem. The two most consequential were [Pyro](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/pyro) and [Horovod](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/horovod).

| Project | Released | Purpose | License | Status |
|---------|----------|---------|---------|--------|
| [Pyro](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/pyro) | November 2017 | Deep probabilistic programming on [PyTorch](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/pytorch) | Apache 2.0 | Donated to LF Deep Learning, 2019 |
| [Horovod](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/horovod) | October 2017 | Distributed training for [TensorFlow](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/tensorflow), [Keras](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/keras), PyTorch, MXNet | Apache 2.0 | Donated to LF Deep Learning, December 2018 |
| [Ludwig](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/ludwig) | February 2019 | Declarative deep learning toolbox, no-code training | Apache 2.0 | Donated to LF AI & Data, 2020; commercialized by Predibase |
| Petastorm | 2018 | Apache Parquet-based dataset library for distributed deep learning | Apache 2.0 | Maintained on GitHub |
| Manifold | 2019 | Model-agnostic ML diagnostics | Apache 2.0 | Maintained on GitHub |
| Pyro POET | 2019 | Open-ended environment generation | MIT | Reference implementation |

[Pyro](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/pyro) was the most influential of the lot. It built on [PyTorch](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/pytorch) and provided variational inference and stochastic computation primitives in a way that let researchers express complex generative models without writing inference algorithms by hand.[10] After Uber donated it to the Linux Foundation, much of the original Pyro team eventually moved to other organizations and the project's center of gravity shifted to academia.

[Horovod](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/horovod) solved a much more practical problem. Distributed training in [TensorFlow](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/tensorflow) was painful in 2017, requiring hand-written parameter servers. Horovod, named after a Russian folk dance in which dancers form a ring and step together, used MPI-style ring-allreduce communication to scale data-parallel training across many GPUs with a few lines of code.[11] Real-world Uber workloads using Horovod included self-driving training, fraud detection, and trip forecasting. The project was widely adopted across the industry and became a baseline that later frameworks like PyTorch DDP and DeepSpeed had to beat.

[Ludwig](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/ludwig), released in 2019, took the opposite approach.[12] Where Pyro and Horovod were aimed at researchers and platform engineers, Ludwig let domain experts train competitive deep learning models from a YAML file.[12] The author, Piero Molino, eventually left Uber and cofounded Predibase in 2021 along with Travis Addair, who had led Horovod inside Uber. Predibase has continued to maintain Ludwig as the open-source foundation under its commercial product.

### What is Michelangelo, Uber's ML platform?

While Uber AI Labs was publishing papers, the larger ML organization at Uber was building the platform that actually served predictions to riders and drivers. **Michelangelo** is Uber's internal end-to-end ML platform, first introduced publicly in a 2017 engineering blog post by Jeremy Hermann and Mike Del Balso.[9] The team had been building it since mid-2015.[9] Michelangelo handles the full lifecycle: data management, training, evaluation, deployment, online serving, and monitoring.[9] By 2017 it was already serving production traffic for fraud detection, ETA prediction, marketplace forecasting, and Eats recommendations.[9]

The scale of the platform is unusual. Uber engineers reported that by the early 2020s Michelangelo was running "more than 5K models in production, serving 10 million real-time predictions per second at peak," and a 2024 update put the figure at over 400 active use cases, more than 20,000 training jobs each month, and up to 15 million real-time predictions per second at peak.[21] Michelangelo's architecture is built on a mix of [Apache Spark](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/apache_spark), [Apache Kafka](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/kafka), Cassandra, and a custom feature store called Palette. In a 2024 blog post titled "From Predictive to Generative," Uber described extending Michelangelo into the generative AI era with support for foundation model fine-tuning and serving.[21]

Del Balso left Uber in 2018 and cofounded Tecton, a feature store startup, with several other Michelangelo alumni. The Michelangelo lineage runs through a surprising number of ML platform companies in the late 2010s and early 2020s.

### How does Uber use ML for matching, ETA, pricing, and fraud?

The interesting thing about Uber's product machine learning is the sheer breadth of where models show up.

- **ETA prediction.** **DeepETA**, a deep learning model launched in production in 2022, replaced an [XGBoost](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/xgboost) baseline as the post-processing layer for the routing engine's ETAs.[14] Uber engineers report that DeepETA runs at a median latency of 3.25 milliseconds with a 95th-percentile latency of 4 milliseconds per prediction, making it one of the highest-QPS deep learning services at the company.[14] The model takes the routing engine's geometric ETA as input and learns the residual between that and observed real-world arrival times; the team settled on a linear-transformer encoder after a full transformer proved too slow to meet the latency budget.[14]
- **Demand forecasting.** Uber has used [LSTM](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/lstm) networks since the late 2010s to forecast trip demand at a city-block level over short horizons, feeding results into driver positioning and surge calculations.
- **Dynamic pricing.** The surge engine takes forecasted demand and supply, computes a multiplier, and applies it. The literature on Uber's pricing models is partial, since the exact algorithms are proprietary, but published academic work and conference talks indicate a mix of [reinforcement learning](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/reinforcement_learning) and supervised regression at different layers.
- **Fraud detection.** Models flag stolen cards, account takeovers, and driver-side gaming of incentive programs. Horovod was originally built in part to scale training of these fraud models.
- **Eats personalization.** Restaurant ranking, dish recommendations, and home-feed ordering all run through learned ranking models trained on click and conversion data.

### How does Uber use generative AI?

Starting in 2023 Uber rolled out generative AI across customer support and internal engineering, much of it routed through a single in-house abstraction layer.

- **GenAI Gateway.** In 2024 Uber detailed a "GenAI Gateway" that mirrors the [OpenAI](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/openai) API and supports more than 60 [large language model](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/large_language_model) use cases across the company, brokering both external models and self-hosted ones behind one interface.[23]
- **Customer support.** Generative AI now auto-summarizes support contacts and drafts agent responses. Uber reported that automatic summarization cut manual summarization time by 80 percent, that 97 percent of generated summaries were judged useful in resolving the issue, and that agents respond to users about 6 seconds faster than before.[24]
- **Genie.** **Genie** is Uber's internal generative AI on-call copilot, described in a 2024 engineering blog post. It answers questions in Slack support channels, where engineers ask roughly 45,000 questions per month, and lets users ask follow-ups or escalate when it cannot answer.[24]

### Why did Uber exit self-driving, and who runs autonomy now?

The self-driving program is its own long, expensive story. **Uber Advanced Technologies Group** (Uber ATG) was formed in early 2015 in Pittsburgh after Uber struck a partnership with Carnegie Mellon University and then hired roughly fifty researchers and engineers out of CMU's National Robotics Engineering Center. The hiring spree gutted parts of CMU's robotics program and was treated, fairly or not, as the moment Uber went all-in on building the self-driving stack.

In August 2016 Uber acquired **Otto**, an autonomous trucking startup founded by [Anthony Levandowski](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/anthony_levandowski) earlier that year, for roughly 680 million dollars in stock and incentive payments. Levandowski had recently left Google's self-driving project, which would soon spin out as [Waymo](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/waymo). In February 2017 Waymo sued Uber, alleging that Levandowski had downloaded more than fourteen thousand confidential files from Google before leaving and that those files made it into Uber's LiDAR program. The lawsuit, which produced reams of damaging discovery for Uber, ended in February 2018 with a settlement: Uber gave Waymo equity worth about 245 million dollars and agreed not to use the disputed technology. Levandowski himself was fired by Uber in 2017 and was later sentenced to eighteen months in prison for trade secret theft, though he was pardoned by President Trump in January 2021.

Then, on the night of March 18, 2018, an Uber ATG test vehicle traveling at 39 miles per hour in autonomous mode hit and killed Elaine Herzberg, a 49-year-old woman pushing a bicycle across a four-lane road in Tempe, Arizona.[8] It was the first known pedestrian fatality involving a self-driving car.[8] The NTSB's final 2019 report was scathing.[8] The system's perception stack detected Herzberg 5.6 seconds before impact but oscillated between classifying her as a pedestrian, a bicyclist, and an unknown object.[8] A subsystem called "action suppression" suppressed automatic emergency braking for a full second to avoid false alarms during normal driving.[8] The safety driver, Rafaela Vasquez, was watching a video on her phone in the moments before the crash.[8] The NTSB's probable cause finding cited Vasquez's distraction but added that contributing factors included "the Uber Advanced Technologies Group's inadequate safety risk assessment procedures, ineffective oversight of vehicle operators, and lack of adequate mechanisms for addressing operators' automation complacency, all a consequence of its inadequate safety culture."[8] Uber suspended testing in Arizona, and ATG never fully recovered.

After Khosrowshahi took over as CEO and rounds of cost cuts hit the unit, ATG was sold on December 7, 2020 to **[Aurora Innovation](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/aurora_innovation)**, a startup founded by Sterling Anderson, Drew Bagnell, and Chris Urmson.[5] The deal was structured around an enterprise valuation of roughly four billion dollars in Aurora stock plus a 400-million-dollar equity investment from Uber into Aurora.[5] Khosrowshahi joined Aurora's board.[5] The combined company subsequently went public via SPAC and is now a publicly traded autonomy company focused on trucking.

After the ATG sale Uber pivoted to a partnership-only autonomy strategy. The company stopped trying to build the self-driving stack and instead positioned itself as the network on top of which other people's robots can run.

By 2026 that strategy had a product name and a budget. On February 23, 2026 Uber packaged the things it offers AV developers (training data, mapping, regulatory access, financing, rider experience, customer support, depots and day-to-day fleet operations) as Uber Autonomous Solutions.[37] In its second-quarter 2026 shareholder letter, published August 5, 2026, the company said AVs were live on Uber in seven cities and on track for as many as 15 by year-end, that it expected to commit "over $10 billion of capital over the coming years" across equity investments, infrastructure and vehicle offtake commitments, and that partners had committed roughly 120,000 vehicles to the Uber network; it also described an AV Labs team that runs hundreds of sensor-equipped cars collecting driving data for partners.[36] Uber's launch releases in 2026 count "over 30 AV partners" across mobility, delivery and freight and state an intention to be the largest facilitator of AV trips in the world by 2029; both are company claims.[27] The program is run by Sarfraz Maredia, listed on Uber's investor site as Head of Autonomous Mobility & Delivery and quoted in its releases as Global Head of Autonomous Mobility & Delivery.[39][27]

The table lists the partners this article tracked in mid-2026 plus the ones Uber added during the year, with the status of each as of September 4, 2026. Rows marked "plan" describe announced intentions, not live service.

| Partner | Type | Geography (announced or live) | Status as of September 4, 2026 |
|---------|------|------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| [Waymo](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/waymo) | Robotaxi | Phoenix (Oct 2023 to May 2026), Austin (Mar 2025)[16], Atlanta (Jun 2025)[16] | Live in Austin and Atlanta, Uber-exclusive there until Jan 2028; Phoenix pilot ended May 2026[40][41] |
| [Aurora](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/aurora_innovation) | Autonomous trucking | Texas (Dallas to Houston) | Commercial driverless hauls for Uber Freight since May 2025[42][43] |
| [Wayve](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/wayve) | Robotaxi | London (live Sep 3, 2026); Tokyo pilot planned for late 2026; 12 markets planned | Live, supervised, with a TfL-licensed driver on board[26][27][31] |
| [Pony.ai](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/pony_ai) | Robotaxi | Zagreb (live Aug 19, 2026, fleet operated by Verne); four more European cities and the Middle East planned | Live with a licensed operator on board; 2,000-plus robotaxis across Europe planned (Aug 13, 2026)[44][45] |
| [WeRide](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/weride) | Robotaxi | Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Riyadh; Madrid and Zurich planned for later 2026 | Live; fully driverless fare-charging rides in Dubai since Mar 31, 2026; at least 1,200 Middle East vehicles planned by 2027[46][47][48][49] |
| Baidu [Apollo Go](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/apollo_go) | Robotaxi | Dubai (first market under the July 2025 multi-year deal) | Live, fully driverless, on Uber in Dubai since Aug 20, 2026[50] |
| May Mobility | Robotaxi/shuttle | Arlington, Texas | Live with safety operators; still the only May Mobility market on Uber as of June 2026, per TechCrunch[42] |
| Nuro and Lucid | Robotaxi (Lucid Gravity with Nuro's driving system) | San Francisco Bay Area (planned for later 2026), Houston (planned for mid-2027) | Plan; supervised on-road testing under way; service to be exclusive to Uber[51] |
| [Avride](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/avride) | Robotaxi and delivery | Dallas (rides since Dec 3, 2025), Austin | Live with an on-board specialist behind the wheel; NHTSA [preliminary evaluation](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/avride) opened May 6, 2026 after 16 crashes[52][53] |
| Volkswagen MOIA America (formerly Volkswagen ADMT) | Robotaxi (ID. Buzz AD) | Los Angeles | Testing since Apr 8, 2026 with onboard operators; rides on Uber planned for late 2026[54] |
| Momenta | Robotaxi | Munich (planned) | Plan; Germany-wide Level 4 testing approval from the KBA on Jul 29, 2026[55] |
| Motional | Robotaxi (Hyundai IONIQ 5) | Las Vegas | Live since Mar 13, 2026 with safety monitors on board[56][42] |
| [Zoox](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/zoox) | Robotaxi (purpose-built) | Las Vegas (planned for 2026), Los Angeles (planned by mid-2027) | Plan announced Mar 11, 2026; the Las Vegas launch on Uber was still described as planned in August 2026 coverage[57][42] |
| Rivian | Robotaxi (R2) | San Francisco and Miami (planned for 2028), 25 cities by 2031 | Plan; Uber to invest up to 1.25 billion dollars, with Uber or its fleet partners expected to buy 10,000 vehicles in a first phase, subject to milestones (Mar 19, 2026)[58] |
| [NVIDIA](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/nvidia) | Level 4 software-driven robotaxis on DRIVE Hyperion | Los Angeles and San Francisco (planned for H1 2027), 28 cities by 2028 | Plan announced Mar 16, 2026[59] |
| Autobrains | Robotaxi | Munich (planned) | Plan announced Jun 1, 2026, pending regulatory approval[60] |

The arrangement that has gotten the most public attention is with [Waymo](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/waymo). The Phoenix integration started in October 2023 with autonomous Jaguar I-PACEs being dispatched against UberX, Uber Comfort, and Uber Green requests inside the Waymo coverage area. The companies expanded the integration to Austin in March 2025 and to Atlanta in June 2025,[16] splitting operational responsibilities such that Uber handles charging, cleaning, and fleet management while Waymo retains responsibility for the autonomous driving stack itself. Waymo reported more than 250,000 paid robotaxi rides per week across its full US footprint in April 2025, and the company ended 2025 at over 450,000 weekly rides.[25]

That relationship contracted in 2026. Waymo's cars came off the Uber app in Phoenix in May 2026, at what Uber described as the contracted end of an intentionally limited pilot of "just over a dozen vehicles"; both companies confirmed the end of the Phoenix deployment to TechCrunch on June 29, 2026, and Uber said it was preparing a different AV partner for the city without naming it.[41] On July 24, 2026 an Uber spokesperson told CNBC that Waymo had notified Uber it intends to launch its own app in Austin and Atlanta in January 2028, ending the exclusivity that had made Uber the only way to hail a Waymo in those two cities; hundreds of Waymo vehicles will stay on Uber there through at least May 2028, the end of the existing contract, and the change frees Uber to put other companies' vehicles on its platform in both cities.[40] The two companies were also lining up to compete in London, where Waymo had been testing for months and, according to the BBC, did not intend to launch a service with a human at the wheel.[28]

### What did Uber launch in London with Wayve?

Uber and Wayve had announced a plan for Level 4 autonomy trials in London in June 2025, originally pitched for spring 2026.[17] The rides went live in London on September 3, 2026, what Uber and Wayve described as the first autonomous trips available to the public in the United Kingdom, with the British company [Wayve](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/wayve) supplying the driving software.[26][27] The two companies called the service "supervised autonomous rides": the car drives itself, but a trained private hire driver licensed by Transport for London (TfL) sits in the driver's seat to oversee the trip and take over if needed.[27][30] The vehicles are all-electric Ford Mustang Mach-Es fitted with the Wayve AI Driver plus surround cameras and radar. Wayve announced on August 5, 2026 that TfL had licensed them as private hire vehicles, completing what the companies called the "triple-lock" of operator, driver and vehicle licences that London requires for private hire trips; the trips run under the UK government's code of practice for automated vehicle trials and Uber's TfL operator licence.[30]

For riders the mechanics are the same as Uber's other AV integrations. Anyone in London requesting an UberX, Uber Electric or Uber Comfort may be matched with a Wayve car at no extra cost, with the upfront fare shown in the app; riders can accept the match or switch to a non-AV ride before the car arrives, unlock the doors and start the trip from the app, and use an Uber-designed in-car screen, available in 64 languages, that shows the planned route.[27] The service covers all of London except the airports.[27] Opting in through the Trip Preferences section of the app raises the odds of a match, and Uber said more than 140,000 Londoners had opted in by launch day, up from the 100,000 who had joined an interest list in the eight weeks before the August licensing announcement.[27][30] Uber and Wayve said they were starting with "a small number of vehicles" and would grow "in-line with rider demand, readiness, and regulation".[27] The BBC, whose technology editor took one of the first rides, reported that 15 vehicles were licensed and that the safety driver intervened once, when the rear doors of a van parked beside the car appeared to swing open; Maredia told the BBC the plan was to phase the cars in over several years, and told the Associated Press the fleet would start at under 20 vehicles.[28][29] In Uber's release Maredia called Wayve "a homegrown British success story" and described the launch as "a major milestone in scaling safe, accessible AV technology in a city with some of the world's most complex roads".[27]

Removing the driver is a separate regulatory step. Under the UK's pilot framework, operators still need approval to run without a human safety driver; Maredia told the AP that process "is still playing out".[29] The Department for Transport told the BBC it was working towards a framework to ensure self-driving cars could be on the roads in 2027, without giving a date, without giving a date.[28]

| London service detail | As stated at launch | Source |
|-----------------------|---------------------|--------|
| Launch date | September 3, 2026 | [26][27] |
| Vehicle | Ford Mustang Mach-E (all-electric) with the Wayve AI Driver and surround sensors | [27] |
| Supervision | Trained, TfL-licensed private hire driver on board | [27][30] |
| Fleet | "A small number of vehicles" (Uber); 15 licensed (BBC); "under 20" (Maredia to the AP) | [27][28][29] |
| Products matched | UberX, Uber Electric, Uber Comfort, at no extra cost | [27] |
| Coverage | Anywhere in London except airports | [27] |
| Opt-in | Trip Preferences in the app; more than 140,000 opted in at launch | [27] |
| In-car experience | Uber-designed screen in 64 languages showing the planned path; doors unlocked and trip started from the app | [27] |

London is the first of 12 markets covered by the Wayve partnership, which Uber says included an investment to put Wayve-powered vehicles on its network, beginning with London.[27] Uber took part in Wayve's 1.2 billion dollar Series D in February 2026 and committed additional milestone-based capital, counted within the 1.5 billion dollars Wayve said it had secured, to fund Wayve-powered robotaxi deployments on the Uber network in more than ten markets; under that arrangement Uber owns and operates the fleets while Wayve supplies the software.[34] The next market is Tokyo. On March 12, 2026 Wayve, Uber and Nissan signed a memorandum of understanding for a pilot on the Nissan LEAF, planned for late 2026 subject to discussions with the authorities and with a trained safety operator in the car.[31] Because Japanese law requires passenger transport to be run by authorized taxi companies, Uber Japan signed the Tokyo taxi operator Hinomaru Kotsu on August 13, 2026 to handle depot operations, cleaning, maintenance, charging and the on-board safety operators for that pilot.[32] The LEAF, running the Wayve AI Driver on [NVIDIA DRIVE Hyperion](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/nvidia_drive_hyperion), is also the vehicle Uber and Wayve say they will introduce to London and other markets after Tokyo; that remains a plan.[27] A third strand, announced June 17, 2026, is a partnership with Stellantis to develop and deploy Level 4 robotaxis at global scale on Stellantis vehicles built on what it calls L4-Ready Platforms, with Wayve's software and Uber's network; the companies described it as a plan to work on vehicle integration, testing, validation and deployment across Europe, North America and beyond, and gave no launch date.[33]

## Leadership transition

The shift from Kalanick to Khosrowshahi is one of the most studied management transitions in modern Silicon Valley. Kalanick was, in retrospect, ill-suited for an organization the size that Uber had become by 2017.[6] A series of incidents in early 2017 (Susan Fowler's blog post about sexual harassment,[7] the Greyball revelations,[20] a video of Kalanick himself berating an Uber driver, the death of an executive who had been at the company only briefly, and the publication of an internal Holder report calling for sweeping changes[18]) culminated in pressure from a group of major investors led by Benchmark. Kalanick took an indefinite leave of absence in June 2017 and resigned as CEO a week later under direct pressure from those investors.

The board picked Dara Khosrowshahi, then CEO of Expedia and one of three finalists, in late August 2017. He took the job without having been the obvious leak-to-the-press favorite, which was apparently part of why he won the vote. Khosrowshahi spent his first eighteen months on what amounted to a public reputation tour: settling lawsuits, hiring a new general counsel and CFO, restoring Uber's London license after it was revoked, and rolling out a new set of corporate values. Kalanick stayed on the board for several more years and resigned the seat in December 2019 after selling roughly 2.5 billion dollars of his Uber shares. Khosrowshahi was still CEO as of September 2026; Uber's investor site listed him as chief executive officer and Balaji Krishnamurthy, who took over from Prashanth Mahendra-Rajah in early 2026, as chief financial officer.[39][38] On September 2, 2026 Khosrowshahi told employees in a memo that Uber would reduce its team by about 10 percent, cut management layers (reducing the number of employees seven or more layers from the CEO by 20 percent and the number of "micro-teams" of one or two reports by nearly half), merge its three delivery operations teams, concentrate staff in fewer hubs and keep only about 1 percent of employees remote, and said the savings would be reinvested in growth and in building "the autonomous future".[61] TechCrunch put the cut at about 3,300 people.[62]

## Notable controversies

The full list is long. The ones that mattered most to the company's later trajectory:

- **Susan Fowler memo (February 2017).** Fowler's blog post "Reflecting on One Very, Very Strange Year at Uber" described systematic sexual harassment, retaliation, and HR failures during her time as a site reliability engineer.[7] The post went viral and triggered an internal investigation led by former Attorney General Eric Holder and board member Arianna Huffington.[18] Holder's report led to more than twenty firings.[18] Fowler later wrote a book, **Whistleblower**, about the experience.
- **Greyball.** A 2017 New York Times investigation revealed that Uber had been using a tool called Greyball to identify and deny rides to suspected law enforcement officers in cities where the service was operating outside the law.[20] Uber stopped using the tool for that purpose after the story broke and a Justice Department probe followed.[20]
- **Hell program.** Uber operated an internal program called "Hell" that scraped Lyft's app to track competing drivers. Lyft sued. The program was shut down.
- **Otto/Waymo trade secret case.** Discussed above. Settled for around 245 million in equity.
- **2016 data breach cover-up.** Uber's chief security officer, Joe Sullivan, paid hackers a hundred-thousand-dollar bug bounty to delete data they had stolen on roughly 57 million riders and drivers, and the breach was not disclosed until 2017. Sullivan was later convicted of obstruction in 2022 in the first criminal conviction of a corporate security officer for a breach response.
- **Surge pricing during emergencies.** Uber faced repeated criticism for steep surge multipliers during events including the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis and the 2017 London Bridge attack. The company has since added emergency-mode caps in response.
- **Driver classification.** The legal status of drivers (employee vs. contractor) is the company's longest-running policy fight, ongoing in the UK, California, and the EU as of 2026.

## Financials

A partial overview of consolidated annual figures, in US dollars. The 2017 and 2018 numbers cover Uber's first two full years as a privately held but quasi-public reporter; the 2019 figures cover the year of the IPO; and 2024 covers the company's first calendar year of full-year GAAP profitability.[1] The 2025 row comes from Uber's fourth-quarter and full-year 2025 results release.[38]

| Year | Revenue | Net income (loss) | Gross bookings | Trips |
|------|---------|-------------------|----------------|-------|
| 2017 | $7.9B | ($4.0B) | $34B | 4B |
| 2018 | $11.3B | $1.0B (one-time gain) | $50B | 5.2B |
| 2019 | $13.0B | ($8.5B) | $65B | 6.9B |
| 2020 | $11.1B | ($6.8B) | $58B | 5.0B |
| 2021 | $17.5B | ($0.5B) | $90B | 6.3B |
| 2022 | $31.9B | ($9.1B) | $115B | 7.6B |
| 2023 | $37.3B | $1.9B | $138B | 9.4B |
| 2024 | $43.9B | $9.8B | $162B | 11.3B |
| 2025 | $52.0B | $10.1B | $193B | 13.6B |

The 2019 net loss was inflated by IPO-related stock-based compensation. The 2022 loss was driven by mark-to-market write-downs on Uber's equity stakes in Didi, Grab, and Aurora. Beginning in 2023 Uber posted its first full-year operating profit, and 2024 was the first year of substantial GAAP net income, much of which came from revaluation gains on those same minority stakes.[1] For 2025 Uber reported revenue of 52.0 billion dollars, gross bookings of 193.5 billion, 13.6 billion trips and GAAP net income of 10.1 billion, a figure that includes a 5.0 billion dollar benefit from releasing a tax valuation allowance; free cash flow for the year was 9.8 billion.[38] For the second quarter of 2026, reported on August 5, 2026, the company posted gross bookings of 58.0 billion dollars (up 24 percent year over year), revenue of 14.2 billion (up 12 percent), GAAP income from operations of 1.9 billion and GAAP net income of 2.4 billion, the last of which included a 1.6 billion pre-tax benefit from revaluing its equity investments; trips reached 3.9 billion in the quarter, monthly active platform consumers reached 208 million, and Uber said trailing twelve-month free cash flow had exceeded 10 billion dollars for the first time.[35]

## See also

- [Uber AI Labs](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uber_ai_labs)
- [Uber ATG](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uber_atg)
- [Pyro](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/pyro)
- [Horovod](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/horovod)
- [Ludwig](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/ludwig)
- [Michelangelo](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/michelangelo)
- [Geometric Intelligence](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/geometric_intelligence)
- [Gary Marcus](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/gary_marcus)
- [Travis Kalanick](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/travis_kalanick)
- [Dara Khosrowshahi](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/dara_khosrowshahi)
- [Waymo](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/waymo)
- [Aurora Innovation](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/aurora_innovation)
- [SoftBank Vision Fund](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/vision_fund)
- [Masayoshi Son](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/masayoshi_son)

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