# UBTECH Robotics

> Source: https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/ubtech
> Updated: 2026-09-25
> Fact-checked: 2026-09-25
> Categories: AI Companies, Chinese AI, Humanoid Robots, Robotics
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> Cite as: AI Wiki. "UBTECH Robotics." aiwiki.ai, 25 Sept 2026. https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/ubtech
> From AI Wiki (https://aiwiki.ai), the free encyclopedia of artificial intelligence. Reuse freely with attribution.

**UBTECH Robotics Corp Ltd** (Chinese: 优必选科技; stock code: 9880.HK) is a Chinese [robotics](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/robotics) company headquartered in Shenzhen. Founded in March 2012 by Zhou Jian (James Zhou), it develops service, education, consumer, and [humanoid robots](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/humanoid_robot). Its shares began trading on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on December 29, 2023; UBTECH and contemporary coverage described it as the first listed company centered on humanoid robots. [2][3][4][5]

The company develops servo actuators, motion control, [computer vision](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/computer_vision), [natural language processing](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/natural_language_processing), and [SLAM](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/slam) navigation, coordinated through its ROSA 2.0 application framework. [1] Its 2023 prospectus said it had sold more than 760,000 robotic products during its track-record period (2020 to June 30, 2023) and had sold to more than 50 countries and regions. [5] At December 31, 2025, UBTECH reported 2,985 granted robotics and [artificial intelligence](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/artificial_intelligence)-related patents and 2,550 full-time employees. [6]

The industrial Walker S series became the company's largest growth business in 2025. UBTECH reported sales of 1,079 units in its "full-size embodied intelligent humanoid" category, RMB820.6 million in revenue from that category, and the start of Walker S2 mass production and delivery. [6][12] UBTECH describes Walker S2 as the first humanoid robot able to swap its own battery autonomously; the product page specifies a swap time within three minutes. [8] The company announced delivery of an initial batch of several hundred units in November 2025. [9] In the first half of 2026, revenue from the same humanoid category rose 1,445.0 percent year on year to RMB590.3 million on sales of 921 units, making it 46.5 percent of group revenue; total revenue rose 104.2 percent to RMB1,269.1 million. [35] On September 12, 2026, UBTECH began production at a factory in Liuzhou, Guangxi, that it says is designed to turn out one industrial humanoid every 10 minutes, for a planned capacity of more than 10,000 units a year. [36][37][38]

In June 2026, UBTECH launched its consumer sub-brand [UWORLD](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld) and the [UWORLD U1](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld_u1) companion-robot series. The U1 was in presale at launch, with first deliveries scheduled for September 2026, so company-reported order counts should not be read as completed deliveries. [21][22][23] Deliveries began on September 16, 2026, and management said on its first-half earnings call that the series could deliver 1,500 to 2,000 units in 2026. [32][33][34]

## Business overview

UBTECH sells robots and related services across several overlapping revenue categories. Its interim report for the first half of 2026 groups revenue into full-size embodied intelligent humanoid robot products and services; non-embodied humanoid robot products and services (such as desktop and education humanoids); other smart robot products and services; other smart hardware devices (including pet and cleaning products); and, after the 2026 acquisition of a controlling stake in Zhejiang Fenglong Electric, garden machinery, automotive and hydraulic components. [35] The company's simpler public description names three target settings: industrial manufacturing, commercial services, and household companionship. [1][16] The Walker S line and the wheeled Cruzr Y1 are designed for factory work such as material handling, sorting, loading and unloading, and inspection; Walker C, Walker C1, Cruzr and Walker X serve commercial, guide, or research settings; Alpha, Jimu, Yanshee, and other education platforms are aimed at classrooms and consumers; and UWORLD targets paid companion products. [5][24][35]

## History

### Founding and early years (2012-2016)

UBTECH was established in Shenzhen in March 2012 with RMB10 million in registered capital. Zhou Jian held 78 percent at incorporation, Xia Yongjun held 17 percent, and Chen Zhenjiang held 5 percent. [5] The company began research, development, and design of robots in 2012. Its prospectus dates the first Alpha robot, a small humanoid, to 2014; in 2016, 540 Alpha robots performed together on China Central Television's Spring Festival Gala. [5]

The company expanded into education products with Alpha and Jimu construction kits. Its prospectus records a US$10 million Series A capital increase in 2015, followed by two Series B subscriptions in 2016: RMB260 million from CDH and RMB65 million from Jinshi Haorui. [5] These primary filing figures are narrower than press descriptions that grouped subscriptions and equity transfers into larger headline rounds.

### Growth and expansion (2017-2020)

UBTECH unveiled Cruzr at CES in January 2017 as a cloud-based humanoid service robot for business and domestic settings, with sales planned from June 2017. [17][45] In October 2017 it introduced a licensed Star Wars First Order Stormtrooper consumer robot with facial recognition, augmented-reality app modes, and voice commands. [46]

At CES 2018, UBTECH presented the first Walker, a legged biped intended as a future home or office assistant. [18] A 2019 revision added a torso, arms, hands, and a head; IEEE Spectrum noted that the platform was still in development and cautioned against treating demonstrations in controlled environments as evidence of general household capability. [15][48]

UBTECH announced a US$820 million Series C financing led by [Tencent](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/tencent) in May 2018, saying it valued the company at US$5 billion. [44] The later prospectus describes the underlying transactions more granularly: a US$241.3 million Series C capital increase agreed in December 2017, plus separate equity transfers before and after it. The US$820 million announcement and the prospectus figure therefore cover different transaction scopes and are not interchangeable. [5]

### Industrial pivot and IPO (2020-2023)

UBTECH developed Walker X in 2021 as a service and research humanoid with 41 degrees of freedom and U-SLAM navigation. [5][24] The current official specification lists a height of 130 cm, weight of 63 kg, maximum walking speed of 3 km/h, and a 1.5 kg load for each arm in the extended position. [24] Two Walker X units were also supplied to NEOM, while Cruzr robots were used for visitor guidance at Riyadh Season. [16]

The industrial Walker S made its debut at UBTECH's listing ceremony in December 2023. [3] In February 2024, UBTECH released video of Walker S training on an assembly line at a [NIO](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/nio) factory, where it took part in quality inspections of door locks, seat belts, and headlight covers and affixed vehicle logos; UBTECH said it was the robot's first real-world training at a new-energy-vehicle plant. [49]

#### Hong Kong listing

UBTECH listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange under stock code 9880 on December 29, 2023. The final offering comprised 11,282,000 shares at HK$90 each, within the announced HK$86-HK$116 range. The official allotment result reported HK$1,015.38 million in gross proceeds and estimated net proceeds of HK$905.87 million before any later over-allotment proceeds. [4] Walker S struck a gong with Zhou Jian during the listing ceremony. [3]

### Mass production and global expansion (2024-2025)

UBTECH introduced Walker S1 in 2024 for industrial tasks. Coverage of its October 2024 deployment at a [BYD](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/byd) factory in Changsha gave a height of 1.72 m, weight of 76 kg, and a 15 kg load while walking. [52] UBTECH said that from 2024 it had cooperated with Audi FAW, BYD, Geely Auto, [Foxconn](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/foxconn), SF Express, FAW-Volkswagen Qingdao, BAIC BJEV, and Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor on demonstration applications. These were deployments, tests, or announced collaborations at different stages, not a uniform set of full commercial rollouts. [16]

Walker S2 followed in July 2025. [54] UBTECH's product page and annual report describe a dual-battery system that can autonomously exchange a battery within three minutes, a 15 kg handling capacity, a working range from floor level to 1.8 m, and lumbar rotation of plus or minus 162 degrees. [6][8] The annual report attributes 52 degrees of freedom to Walker S2's bionic body. [6]

#### Walker S2 mass production

UBTECH announced mass production and delivery of an initial batch of several hundred Walker S2 units in November 2025, with a target of delivering 500 units that year. It said Walker-series orders since early 2025 exceeded RMB800 million, including a RMB250 million order and a RMB159 million contract to deploy Walker S2 robots at a data-collection center in Zigong. These are company-reported order values rather than independently audited revenue. [9] The 2025 annual report subsequently recorded 1,079 units sold in UBTECH's defined full-size embodied-intelligent-humanoid category and described Walker S2 production and delivery at the thousand-unit level; it put annualized production capacity for full-size humanoids at more than 6,000 units at the end of 2025. [6][12] The 1,000th Walker S2 came off the line in Liuzhou in December 2025, about six months after the plant's first industrial humanoid. [40]

### Scale-up and diversification (2026)

In January 2026, UBTECH agreed with two Liuzhou government-linked funds to set up an RMB660 million partnership investing in the robot industry chain around Liuzhou, with UBTECH contributing RMB300 million. [12] It also said that Airbus had bought Walker S2 robots under an agreement to explore humanoid use in aircraft manufacturing; Airbus described the cooperation as early-stage concept testing. [42][43]

UBTECH completed the purchase of a controlling stake in Shenzhen-listed Zhejiang Fenglong Electric in the first half of 2026: 29.99 percent by agreed share transfer in March and a further 13.02 percent by tender offer in April, for a combined 43.01 percent. The cash cost of the combination was RMB1,665.3 million, and Fenglong's garden-machinery, automotive and hydraulic-components business has been consolidated since April 2026. [12][35]

On September 12, 2026, UBTECH held a production-start ceremony for its Liuzhou factory for industrial humanoids (see the Manufacturing section). [36][37]

## Founder

Zhou Jian (周剑), also known as James Zhou, is UBTECH's founder, chairman, chief executive officer, and executive director. He was appointed a director on March 31, 2012 and chairman of the board on September 29, 2013. [5][9][44] According to UBTECH's prospectus and 2025 annual report, he holds a bachelor of engineering in wood processing from Nanjing Forestry University (June 1999). He worked as Asia Pacific regional manager for Michael Weinig AG, which the filings describe as a supplier of automation machines and equipment for home building, from May 2000 to December 2005, and from November 2007 to March 2012 founded and served as a director of Union Brother (Shanghai) Limited, which made automation equipment production lines for the building-materials industry. He was elected a deputy to the 13th Guangdong Provincial People's Congress in January 2018. [5][6]

At incorporation in March 2012 he held 78 percent of the registered capital. [5] The final IPO allotment disclosure recorded 103,586,040 of his shares, 24.79 percent of the company's shares upon listing (assuming no exercise of the over-allotment option), as subject to lock-up undertakings until December 28, 2024. [4] Later percentages changed as the company issued additional shares, so the IPO figure should not be treated as a current ownership percentage.

## Products

### Walker series humanoid robots

The Walker platform moved from home-assistant demonstrations toward commercial and industrial use. Published specifications differ between product generations; the table reports first-party values where available and names the source otherwise.

| Model | Introduced | Height | Degrees of freedom | Weight | Selected documented features | Main positioning |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---|---|
| Walker | 2018 | Not stated | Legs only | Not stated | Bipedal walking; planned voice and touch-screen interaction | Developmental home-assistant concept [18] |
| Walker (2019) | 2019 | 1.45 m | 36 actuators | 77 kg | Arms, hands, U-SLAM navigation, multimodal interaction | Developmental consumer/service platform [15][48] |
| Walker X | 2021 | 1.30 m | 41 | 63 kg | 3 km/h maximum speed; 1.5 kg load per extended arm; U-SLAM navigation | Service and research [5][24] |
| Walker C | By 2025 | 1.63 m | 20 | 43 kg | Bipedal, 6 km/h pace per UBTECH; RGB-D and binocular structured-light cameras; multilingual interaction; tour guide at the China Pavilion, Expo 2025 Osaka | Commercial service [31] |
| Walker C1 | 2026 | Not stated | 53 | Not stated | 3D-printed lattice "muscle structures", whole-body obstacle avoidance | Commercial service, education, research [35] |
| Walker S | 2023 | 1.70 m | 41 servo joints | Not stated | Force-feedback joints and factory-task trials | Industrial manufacturing [3][30] |
| Walker S1 | 2024 | 1.72 m | Not stated | 76 kg | 15 kg load, semantic VSLAM | Industrial manufacturing [7][39][52] |
| Walker S2 | 2025 | 1.76 m (reported) | 52 | Not stated | Autonomous battery exchange within three minutes, 15 kg handling, plus or minus 162-degree lumbar rotation, binocular RGB head vision | Industrial manufacturing [6][8][36] |

In its interim report for the first half of 2026, UBTECH said it had developed a fourth-generation industrial humanoid, more than 15 percent lighter than the previous generation, with battery replacement time cut to two minutes; it had not named the model in that report. [35] UBTECH also launched the Cruzr Y1, a wheeled industrial humanoid for handling bins and cartons, loading and unloading, and sorting in factories and warehouses. [35]

### Education robots

UBTECH's education product line focuses on STEM education and coding for children and schools.

| Product | Description | Target audience |
|---|---|---|
| Alpha series | Small programmable humanoids; the first Alpha was produced in 2014, and 540 performed at the 2016 Spring Festival Gala | Consumers, students [5] |
| Alpha Mini | Small humanoid sold in education and non-education versions | Schools, families [5] |
| Jimu Robot | Snap-together robotic building kits with servo motors, programmed through the Jimu Robot app; the Buzzbot, Explorer and Inventor kits sold in the US in 2016 used six, seven and sixteen servos | Children and teens, STEM learners [47] |
| Yanshee, uKit, UDECA, UGOT | Classroom and competition platforms programmed with software such as uCode and uPython | K-12 schools, vocational colleges, universities [5][35] |

Frost & Sullivan research reproduced in the 2023 prospectus ranked UBTECH first in China's education smart-robot products and services market by 2022 revenue, with a 22.5 percent share. [5] Education revenue has since declined: in the first half of 2026, education smart-robot products and services brought in RMB122.0 million, down 49.1 percent year on year. [35]

### Commercial service robots

| Product | Description | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Cruzr | Cloud-based service robot unveiled at CES 2017; SLAM navigation, voice and facial recognition, video conferencing, 5-8 hours of active use per charge with automatic self-recharging | Businesses, reception, domestic settings [17][45] |
| Panda Robot (Youyou) | Panda-themed robot that served as an ambassador for the China Pavilion at Expo 2020 Dubai, handed the gong mallet to Zhou Jian at the 2023 listing, and demonstrated serving drinks at LEAP 2025 | Exhibitions, cultural events [3][16] |
| Star Wars Stormtrooper Robot | Licensed consumer robot priced at US$299.99 at launch in 2017, with augmented-reality app modes, voice commands, facial recognition, and sentry patrolling | Entertainment, consumers [46] |

### Other robots

At the LEAP 2025 technology conference in Saudi Arabia, UBTECH also showcased Una, which it described as an independently developed advanced humanoid being demonstrated for the first time, alongside its Walker S series and Panda Robot. [16] UBTECH presented Una as having a soft, warm exterior, understanding natural language, and providing emotional companionship, entertainment interaction, and reception services. [16]

### UWORLD U1 series

On June 30, 2026, UBTECH launched [UWORLD](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld), a consumer sub-brand for humanlike companion robots, and introduced the [UWORLD U1](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld_u1) series. UBTECH marketed it as the "world's first full-size mass-produced ultra-bionic humanoid robot"; that wording is a company claim, and the product was still in presale at launch. [21] Presales had opened on [JD.com](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/jd_com) on June 2 with a RMB3,000 deposit. [22][23]

| Trim | Body format | Announced price (RMB) | Locomotion reported at launch |
|---|---|---:|---|
| [U1 Lite](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld_u1_lite) | Partial-body unit | 119,800 | Stationary |
| [U1 Pro](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld_u1_pro) | Full-body unit | 169,800 | No autonomous walking demonstration reported |
| [U1 Ultra](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld_u1_ultra) | Full-body premium unit | 990,000 male / 880,000 female | Autonomous movement reported |

UBTECH said the U1 series has 88 degrees of freedom, biomimetic skin, an emotion-aware language model, and a cross-temporal memory system; launch coverage described the skin as silicone. [21][23] Chinese launch coverage reported that the Pro and Ultra differed materially in mobility and computing hardware, despite sharing the full-body form. [22] The dedicated [UWORLD U1](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld_u1) pages cover the trim-level details.

UBTECH reported 13,361 cumulative orders by launch day, and Zhou Jian said first deliveries would begin in mid-September 2026. [21][22] Because those figures were announced before delivery began, they are reservations or orders, not evidence that 13,361 units had shipped. Zhou Jian announced on September 16, 2026 that deliveries had begun; the first recipients named were Shanghai Yongda Group, Beijing Boss Group (a Mercedes-Benz-focused dealership group that in July became UBTECH's first authorized partner for ultra-bionic humanoids in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region) and the Galaxy robot park in Seoul. [32][33] On the earnings call for the first half of 2026, chief financial officer Zhang Ju said the U1 series could deliver 1,500 to 2,000 units in 2026, far fewer than the orders announced at launch. [33][34] UBTECH also announced a program to donate 100 customized U1 robots during 2026 to vulnerable groups, including children growing up apart from their parents and older adults living alone. [21]

## Manufacturing

UBTECH said in November 2025 that it operated two humanoid factories, in Shenzhen and in Liuzhou, Guangxi. [41] The company first set up in Liuzhou in 2022. Its Liuzhou subsidiary rolled out its first mass-produced industrial humanoid, a Walker S1 and the first industrial humanoid built in Guangxi, on June 18, 2025; that batch was to go to the commercial-vehicle plant of Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor for on-the-job training. [39] The 1,000th Walker S2 came off the Liuzhou line in December 2025, and UBTECH robots were by then doing material handling, feeding and sorting on Dongfeng Liuzhou's production line. [40]

### Liuzhou factory

UBTECH held a production-start ceremony on September 12, 2026 for what it calls a "super smart factory" for industrial humanoids in Liuzhou's Northern Ecological New District. [36][37] The company describes it as the world's first intelligent manufacturing facility designed for 10,000-unit annual output of industrial humanoids; that is UBTECH's own characterization. [36][37]

| Item | Reported figure | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Floor area | 14,000 square meters | Interesting Engineering [38] |
| Building height | 13.8 meters | Interesting Engineering [38] |
| Design takt | One industrial humanoid every 10 minutes | IT Home, Sing Tao [36][37] |
| Planned annual capacity | More than 10,000 units | IT Home, Sing Tao [36][37] |
| Main products | Walker S series and Cruzr series industrial humanoids | Sing Tao, Interesting Engineering [37][38] |

Cruzr-series wheeled humanoids take part in depalletizing, palletizing, feeding and material transport inside the plant, and the final-assembly area combines collaborative robots, assisted manipulators, driverless logistics vehicles and rotating workbenches under a central digital scheduling system. [37] UBTECH built a digital manufacturing base for the plant with [Siemens](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/siemens); Interesting Engineering reported that the collaboration covers a 1:1 digital-twin model of the factory and a manufacturing operations management system. [36][38] Zhou Jian said the plant would work with Liuzhou's manufacturing base on continued on-the-job training of humanoids and serve as a showcase aimed at ASEAN markets. [37]

The factory's rated capacity is a design figure, not an output record. For comparison, UBTECH sold 921 full-size humanoids in the first half of 2026. [35]

### Capacity and cost targets

| Date stated | Stated by | Target or figure |
|---|---|---|
| November 17, 2025 | UBTECH press release | Annual capacity of 5,000 industrial humanoids in 2026, rising to 10,000 by 2027 [9] |
| November 19, 2025 | Chief brand officer Michael Tam, interview with the South China Morning Post | Assembly of up to 5,000 humanoids in 2026 and 10,000 in 2027; manufacturing cost falling 20 to 30 percent a year; unit production cost under US$20,000 "by roughly 2027 to 2030"; more than 90 percent of components made in China, except certain computing chips [41] |
| December 31, 2025 | 2025 annual results | Annualized capacity of more than 6,000 full-size humanoids [12] |
| January 2026 | Zhou Jian, quoted by 21st Century Business Herald | Industrial humanoid capacity to exceed 10,000 units in 2026 [42] |
| August 28, 2026 | Interim results | Company cites an annual production target of 10,000 units [35] |

Tam's sub-US$20,000 figure refers to UBTECH's unit production cost, not a selling price, and was a forecast. [41]

## Technology

### Servo actuators

UBTECH develops servo actuators for robot joints. Its prospectus says cumulative servo-actuator production reached one million units in 2018. [5] The 2025 annual report describes further work on high-performance limbs, dexterous hands, domain controllers, and factory-oriented motion control, including fourth- and fifth-generation dexterous hands; the fifth generation has 19 fully driven active degrees of freedom. [6][12]

### Navigation and perception

U-SLAM is UBTECH's navigation stack for indoor positioning and autonomous movement in service robots such as Walker X and Walker C. [24][31] The Walker S line adds semantic visual SLAM and 3D semantic mapping for industrial environments. [7][30] Walker S uses RGB-D sensors, while Walker S2 uses a pure-RGB binocular stereo vision system in its head; sensor combinations differ by model. [8][30]

### AI integration

ROSA 2.0 is the company's robotics application framework. [1] For industrial humanoids, UBTECH describes BrainNet 2.0 and Co-Agent as a two-level system for task planning, tool use, exception handling, and multi-robot coordination. [6][8] In the first half of 2026 it reported releasing a foundation model, Thinker 1.0, alongside continued work on the Thinker-WM [world model](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/world_model) and the Thinker-VLA [vision-language-action model](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/vision_language_action_model), and said it had open-sourced Thinker code and weights on GitHub and Hugging Face; it planned to release Thinker-WM 2.0 in the second half of 2026. [35] These capabilities are company descriptions; published demonstrations and deployment announcements do not establish that the robots can perform arbitrary tasks outside trained settings.

Academic work involving UBTECH platforms provides narrower evidence. A 2024 peer-reviewed paper reported experiments on a UBTECH Walker2 robot using reactive footstep compensation and capture-point-constrained motion optimization to keep walking under external disturbances. [26] An earlier 2021 preprint demonstrated a force-feedback whole-body stabilizer on a UBTECH Walker robot in the MuJoCo simulator. [19] These studies concern defined locomotion and control experiments, not the full commercial capabilities claimed for later Walker S models.

### Intellectual property

UBTECH reported 2,985 granted patents at December 31, 2025, including 508 overseas patents, an 11.4 percent increase from the end of 2024. [6] By June 30, 2026 the total had reached 3,112, including 530 overseas patents, a 4.2 percent increase from the end of 2025. [35] The company profile gives 1,857 of the June 2026 total as invention patents. [1]

## Funding and financial performance

### Funding history

UBTECH's financing history cannot be summarized accurately by adding every publicized transaction into one "private funding" total. The 2023 prospectus records numerous capital increases and equity transfers: a US$10 million Series A capital increase in 2015; Series B subscriptions of RMB260 million and RMB65 million in 2016; and a US$241.3 million Series C capital increase agreed in December 2017. [5] UBTECH's 2018 press announcement called the broader financing, which included investors and transfers around that period, a US$820 million Series C transaction. [44] Those amounts have different scopes.

The IPO and later H-share placements were public-market equity transactions, not private venture rounds:

| Transaction | Shares | Price per share | Reported proceeds |
|---|---:|---:|---:|
| December 2023 global offering | 11,282,000 | HK$90.00 | HK$1,015.38 million gross; HK$905.87 million estimated net before later over-allotment proceeds [4] |
| October 2024 placement, completed October 29 | 5,060,000 | HK$86.18 | HK$407.73 million net [12] |
| November 2024 placement, completed November 26 | 7,000,000 | HK$83.88 | HK$551.88 million net [12] |
| February 2025 placement, completed February 27 | 10,155,099 | HK$90.00 | HK$876.32 million net [12] |
| July 2025 placement, completed July 28 | 30,155,450 | HK$82.00 | HK$2,410.26 million net [12][20] |
| November 2025 placement, completed December 2 | 31,468,000 | HK$98.80 | HK$3,055.71 million net [6][27] |

Because the disclosed transactions used different currencies, scopes, and structures, no single private-funding total is presented.

### Revenue and profitability

UBTECH remained loss-making in 2025, although revenue and gross profit increased and the annual loss narrowed. [6][12]

| Year | Revenue (RMB) | Gross profit (RMB) | Loss for the year (RMB) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|
| 2023 | 1.0557 billion | 332.8 million | 1.2646 billion [13] |
| 2024 | 1.3054 billion | 374.0 million | 1.1599 billion [13] |
| 2025 | 2.0010 billion | 753.8 million | 789.8 million [6][12] |

Revenue grew 53.3 percent in 2025 and gross margin rose from 28.7 percent to 37.7 percent. Revenue from full-size embodied-intelligent-humanoid products and services was RMB820.6 million, or 41.1 percent of total revenue, compared with RMB35.6 million in 2024. [12] Research and development expense was RMB507.5 million, up from RMB478.1 million, but declined as a share of revenue from 36.6 percent to 25.4 percent. [6]

### First half of 2026

UBTECH published unaudited interim results for the six months ended June 30, 2026 on August 28, 2026. [35]

| Measure (six months to June 30) | H1 2025 | H1 2026 | Change |
|---|---:|---:|---:|
| Total revenue | RMB621.5 million | RMB1,269.1 million | +104.2% |
| Full-size embodied intelligent humanoid revenue | RMB38.2 million | RMB590.3 million | +1,445.0% |
| Share of revenue from full-size humanoids | 6.1% | 46.5% | |
| Full-size humanoid units sold | Not stated | 921 | +1,946.7% |
| Gross profit | RMB217.3 million | RMB566.9 million | +160.9% |
| Gross margin | 35.0% | 44.7% | +9.7 points |
| Research and development expense | RMB218.3 million | RMB303.1 million | +38.9% |
| Loss for the period | RMB440.0 million | RMB338.8 million | Loss narrowed 23.0% |
| Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP) | Loss of RMB321.8 million | Loss of RMB174.1 million | |

The 1,445 percent growth figure applies only to the full-size humanoid category; group revenue roughly doubled. [35] The 921 units are the company's figure for the whole full-size humanoid category, whose product matrix includes the wheeled Cruzr Y1 as well as bipedal Walker models; the filing does not break the figure down by model, so it is not a count of bipedal robots alone. [35] Revenue also included RMB139.2 million from the newly consolidated Fenglong garden-machinery, automotive and hydraulic-components business, while education smart-robot revenue fell 49.1 percent. [35] Credit impairment losses rose to RMB91.1 million from RMB1.3 million after a change in the method used to estimate expected credit losses. Cash and cash equivalents were RMB2,325.6 million at June 30, 2026, after the Fenglong purchase. [35]

## Orders and deliveries

UBTECH reports orders and deliveries separately, and order announcements are not revenue. By November 2025 it said Walker-series orders since early 2025 exceeded RMB800 million. [9] The 21st Century Business Herald reported in January 2026 that UBTECH had won three further orders of RMB50 million, RMB59.62 million and RMB77.8 million in December 2025, bringing full-year humanoid orders to nearly RMB1.4 billion; Zhou Jian said more than 500 Walker S2 units were delivered in 2025. [42]

In January 2026, UBTECH said Airbus had purchased Walker S2 robots and that the two companies would explore humanoid applications in aircraft manufacturing; Airbus said the cooperation was limited to early-stage concept testing. [42][43] By July 2026, Hitachi had introduced Walker S2 into selected manufacturing environments for testing and scenario validation, and Terra Robotics had bought an initial batch of several dozen full-size humanoids for European industrial use. [28][29]

In the first half of 2026, UBTECH sold 921 full-size humanoids for RMB590.3 million of revenue, attributing the growth to delivery of bulk orders. [35] The UWORLD U1 series began delivering on September 16, 2026, with management guiding to 1,500 to 2,000 U1 deliveries for the year. [32][33]

## Partnerships and deployments

### Automotive and manufacturing

UBTECH has announced factory tests, training projects, and deployments with automakers and manufacturers. The stage and scope differ by partner, so these announcements should not all be described as commercial production deployments. [16]

| Partner | Robot | Reported activity |
|---|---|---|
| [NIO](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/nio) | Walker S | Training in February 2024 on inspection of door locks, seat belts and headlight covers, and logo fitting [49] |
| Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor | Walker S, later Liuzhou-built industrial humanoids | June 2024 cooperation agreement covering inspection, oil filling, labeling and material tasks; Liuzhou-built robots later handled material transport, feeding and sorting on its lines [39][40][51] |
| Geely / Zeekr | Walker S Lite, then Walker S1 | 21 days of lifting and carrying in a Zeekr factory in July 2024; multi-robot sorting, handling and precision-assembly training at Zeekr's 5G factory announced in March 2025 [50][53] |
| BYD | Walker S1 | Task training at a BYD factory in Changsha from October 2024 [52] |
| Audi FAW, FAW-Volkswagen Qingdao, BAIC BJEV, Foxconn, SF Express | Walker S series | Demonstration-application cooperation reported by UBTECH from 2024 [16] |
| Airbus | Walker S2 | Early-stage concept testing in aircraft manufacturing, announced January 2026 [43] |
| Hitachi | Walker S2 | On-site testing and scenario validation, including at a Hitachi Elevator workshop, announced July 2026 [28] |

UBTECH's logistics business separately reported completing project deliveries to OPmobility, Jabil, Foxconn and Honda in the first half of 2026. [35]

### Middle East

UBTECH supplied two Walker X robots to NEOM and deployed Cruzr for visitor guidance at Riyadh Season. [16] In an exchange filing reported on September 1, 2025, it announced an arrangement with Infini Capital that included a credit line of up to US$1 billion and plans for a Middle East joint venture, research center, and production facility. [10][11] "Up to" describes the facility limit, not cash already received, and the joint-venture plans were forward-looking at announcement.

### Europe

UBTECH said in July 2026 that Terra Robotics would act as its exclusive distributor for Germany, Switzerland and Austria and had bought an initial batch of several dozen full-size humanoids, including for a long-term logistics pilot at ROSSMANN. [29] This account comes from a UBTECH announcement and should be read as a reported deployment, not an independent performance evaluation.

### Education

The 2023 prospectus said UBTECH had sold more than 760,000 robotic products during its track-record period (2020 to June 30, 2023) and ranked first in China's education smart-robot market by 2022 revenue with a 22.5 percent share. [5] Those historical measures should retain their dates; they are not current 2026 market-share estimates.

## Competition

Omdia estimated 13,318 shipments of general-purpose embodied-intelligent robots in 2025, up from 2,300 in 2024. Its report used a category broader than bipedal humanoids: qualifying robots could have a bipedal base or an omnidirectional wheeled base, but needed an upright body and humanlike arms. [25] The scope matters when comparing those figures with a manufacturer's narrower "full-size humanoid" sales category.

### Comparison with other vendors

Within Omdia's single comparable series, [AgiBot](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/agibot) ranked first with 5,168 shipments, followed by [Unitree Robotics](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/unitree) with an estimated 4,200 and UBTECH with 1,000. [14][25]

| Company | Country | Example robot (per Omdia) | Omdia 2025 shipment estimate | Omdia capability tier |
|---|---|---|---:|---|
| UBTECH | China | Walker S2, Cruzr S2 | 1,000 | Tier 1 |
| AgiBot | China | A2, G2, X2 | 5,168 | Tier 1 |
| Unitree Robotics | China | G1, H1-2, H2, R1 | 4,200 | Tier 1 |
| [Figure AI](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/figure_ai) | United States | Figure 03 | 150 | Tier 1 |
| [Tesla](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/tesla) | United States | [Optimus](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/tesla_optimus) | 150 | Tier 1 |
| [Leju Robotics](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/leju_robotics) | China | KUAVO | 500 | Tier 2 |
| [Fourier Intelligence](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/fourier_intelligence) | China | GR-3 | 300 | Tier 2 |
| [Agility Robotics](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/agility_robotics) | United States | Digit | 150 | Tier 2 |
| [Apptronik](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/apptronik) | United States | Apollo | Not listed separately | Tier 2 |

Omdia placed AgiBot, Unitree, and UBTECH in its top shipment tier for 2025 (vendors that shipped more than 1,000 units) and described AgiBot and, "arguably", UBTECH as more commercial and industrial in focus, while Unitree's robots were widely deployed in research, education and consumer settings. [25] Its separate capability assessment put AgiBot, Figure AI, Tesla, UBTECH and Unitree in tier 1. [25] Shipment estimates do not by themselves measure revenue, autonomy, task reliability, or the proportion of robots operating continuously in customer facilities.

## Corporate information

| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Legal name | UBTECH Robotics Corp Ltd (优必选科技股份有限公司) |
| Founded | March 2012 [5] |
| Founder, chairman, and CEO | Zhou Jian (James Zhou) [5][9] |
| Headquarters | Shenzhen, Guangdong, China [6] |
| Full-time employees | 2,550 at December 31, 2025 [6] |
| Exchange | Hong Kong Stock Exchange |
| Stock code | 9880 |
| Listing date | December 29, 2023 [4] |
| Listed subsidiary | Zhejiang Fenglong Electric, Shenzhen Stock Exchange (43.01% held from April 2026) [35] |

Market capitalization changes with the share price and outstanding share count and is not included as a fixed corporate attribute.

## See also

- [UBTECH Walker S1](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/ubtech_walker_s1)
- [UBTECH Walker S2](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/ubtech_walker_s2)
- [Humanoid robot applications](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/humanoid_robot_applications)
- [BYD humanoid (BoYoboD)](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/byd_humanoid)
- [Unitree Robotics](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/unitree)

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