# UBTECH Robotics

> Source: https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/ubtech
> Updated: 2026-07-30
> Fact-checked: 2026-07-30
> Categories: AI Companies, Chinese AI, Humanoid Robots, Robotics
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> Cite as: AI Wiki. "UBTECH Robotics." aiwiki.ai, 30 Jul 2026. https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/ubtech
> From AI Wiki (https://aiwiki.ai), the free encyclopedia of artificial intelligence. Reuse freely with attribution.

**UBTECH Robotics Corp Ltd** (Chinese: 优必选科技; stock code: 9880.HK) is a Chinese [robotics](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/robotics) company headquartered in Shenzhen. Founded in March 2012 by Zhou Jian (James Zhou), it develops service, education, consumer, and [humanoid robots](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/humanoid_robot). Its shares began trading on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on December 29, 2023; UBTECH and contemporary coverage described it as the first listed company centered on humanoid robots. [2][3][4][5]

The company develops servo actuators, motion control, [computer vision](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/computer_vision), [natural language processing](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/natural_language_processing), and [SLAM](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/slam) navigation, coordinated through its ROSA 2.0 application framework. [1] Its 2023 prospectus said it had sold more than 760,000 robots in over 50 countries by June 30, 2023. [5] At December 31, 2025, UBTECH reported 2,985 granted robotics and [artificial intelligence](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/artificial_intelligence)-related patents and 2,550 full-time employees. [6]

The industrial Walker S series became the company's largest growth business in 2025. UBTECH reported sales of 1,079 units in its "full-size embodied intelligent humanoid" category, RMB820.6 million in revenue from that category, and the start of Walker S2 mass production and delivery. [6][12] UBTECH describes Walker S2 as the first humanoid robot able to swap its own battery autonomously; the product page specifies a swap time of less than three minutes. [8] The company announced delivery of an initial batch of several hundred units in November 2025. [9]

In June 2026, UBTECH launched its consumer sub-brand [UWORLD](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld) and the [UWORLD U1](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld_u1) companion-robot series. The U1 was in presale at launch, with first deliveries scheduled for September 2026, so company-reported order counts should not be read as completed deliveries. [21][22][23]

## What does UBTECH do?

UBTECH sells robots and related services in four overlapping areas: full-size industrial humanoids, smart education, logistics and other sector-specific solutions, and consumer robots and hardware. Those categories differ from the company's simpler public description of three target settings - industrial manufacturing, commercial services, and household companionship. [1][6] The Walker S line is designed for factory work such as material handling, sorting, assembly, and inspection; Cruzr and Walker X serve commercial or research settings; Alpha, Jimu, and education platforms are aimed at classrooms and consumers; and UWORLD targets paid companion products.

## History

### Founding and early years (2012-2016)

UBTECH was established in Shenzhen in March 2012 with RMB10 million in registered capital. Zhou Jian held 78 percent at incorporation, Xia Yongjun held 17 percent, and Chen Zhenjiang held 5 percent. [5] The company began by developing small humanoid robots and the servo actuators used in their joints. Its prospectus dates the first Alpha robot to 2014; in 2016, 540 Alpha robots performed together on China Central Television's Spring Festival Gala. [5]

The company expanded into education products with Alpha and Jimu construction kits. Its prospectus records a US$10 million Series A capital increase in 2015, followed by two Series B subscriptions in 2016: RMB260 million from CDH and RMB65 million from Jinshi Haorui. [5] These primary filing figures are narrower than press descriptions that grouped subscriptions and equity transfers into larger headline rounds.

### Growth and expansion (2017-2020)

UBTECH commercialized Cruzr in 2017 as a cloud-connected service robot for retail, hospitality, airports, hospitals, and offices. [17] It also sold a licensed Star Wars First Order Stormtrooper consumer robot with facial recognition, augmented-reality features, and voice commands. [5]

At CES 2018, UBTECH presented the first Walker, a legged biped intended as a future home or office assistant. [18] A 2019 revision added a torso, arms, hands, and a head; IEEE Spectrum noted that the platform was still in development and cautioned against treating demonstrations in controlled environments as evidence of general household capability. [15]

UBTECH announced a US$820 million financing led by Tencent in May 2018. [5] The later prospectus describes the underlying transactions more granularly: a US$241.3 million Series C capital increase agreed in December 2017, plus separate equity transfers before and after it. The US$820 million announcement and the prospectus figure therefore cover different transaction scopes and are not interchangeable. [5]

### Industrial pivot and IPO (2020-2023)

UBTECH presented Walker X in 2021 as a service and research humanoid with 41 degrees of freedom, vision-based navigation, and hand-eye coordination. The current official specification lists a height of 130 cm, weight of 63 kg, maximum walking speed of 3 km/h, and a 1.5 kg load for each arm in the extended position. [24]

In 2023, the company introduced Walker S for industrial scenarios. It began factory training with NIO at the automaker's Hefei manufacturing center, where UBTECH said the robot was tested on inspection and assembly-related tasks. [6] Two Walker X units were also supplied to NEOM, while Cruzr robots were used for visitor guidance at Riyadh Season. [16]

#### When did UBTECH go public?

UBTECH listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange under stock code 9880 on December 29, 2023. The final offering comprised 11,282,000 shares at HK$90 each, within the announced HK$86-HK$116 range. The official allotment result reported HK$1,015.38 million in gross proceeds and estimated net proceeds of HK$905.87 million before any later over-allotment proceeds. [4] Walker S struck a gong with Zhou Jian during the listing ceremony. [3]

### Mass production and global expansion (2024-present)

UBTECH introduced Walker S1 in 2024 for industrial tasks. Its product page lists a height of 172 cm, weight of 76 kg, 41 degrees of freedom, walking speed up to 1.5 m/s, and a 15 kg payload. [7] UBTECH reported trials with companies including [BYD](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/byd), Audi FAW, Geely, [Foxconn](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/foxconn), NIO, FAW-Volkswagen, Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor, and SF Express. These were deployments, tests, or announced collaborations at different stages, not a uniform set of full commercial rollouts. [6][16]

Walker S2 followed in July 2025. UBTECH's product page and annual report describe a dual-battery system that can autonomously exchange a battery in less than three minutes, a 15 kg handling capacity, a working range from floor level to 1.8 m, and lumbar rotation of plus or minus 162 degrees. [6][8] The annual report attributes 52 degrees of freedom to Walker S2's bionic body. [6]

#### When did Walker S2 enter mass production?

UBTECH announced mass production and delivery of an initial batch of several hundred Walker S2 units in November 2025. It said Walker-series orders since early 2025 exceeded RMB800 million, including a RMB250 million order and a RMB159 million data-center contract. These are company-reported order values rather than independently audited revenue. [9] The 2025 annual report subsequently recorded 1,079 units sold in UBTECH's defined full-size embodied-intelligent-humanoid category and described Walker S2 production and delivery at the thousand-unit level. [6][12]

## Founder

Zhou Jian (周剑), also known as James Zhou, is UBTECH's chairman, chief executive officer, and executive director. He was born in Shanghai in 1976, earned a bachelor's degree in international trade from Tianjin Foreign Studies University in 1998, and completed an MBA at Concordia University Wisconsin in 2003. [5]

Zhou began developing service robots in 2008 and served as general manager of Shanghai UBTECH before the Shenzhen company was established. [5] At incorporation in March 2012 he held 78 percent of the registered capital. The final IPO allotment disclosure recorded a 24.79 percent interest immediately before listing, counting shares attributed to him under Hong Kong disclosure rules. [4] Later percentages changed as the company issued additional shares, so the IPO figure should not be treated as a current ownership percentage.

## Products

### Walker series humanoid robots

The Walker platform moved from home-assistant demonstrations toward commercial and industrial use. Published specifications differ between product generations; the table reports first-party values where available.

| Model | Introduced | Height | Degrees of freedom | Weight | Selected documented features | Main positioning |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---|---|
| Walker | 2018 | About 1.2 m | Legs only | Not stated | Bipedal walking, stairs, voice commands | Developmental home-assistant concept [18] |
| Walker (2019) | 2019 | 1.45 m | 36 actuators | 77 kg | Arms, hands, multimodal interaction | Developmental consumer/service platform [15] |
| Walker X | 2021 | 1.30 m | 41 | 63 kg | 3 km/h maximum speed; 1.5 kg load per extended arm; U-SLAM navigation | Service and research [24] |
| Walker C | 2025 | 1.63 m | 20 | 43 kg | Wheeled locomotion, binocular vision, multilingual interaction | Commercial service [31] |
| Walker S | 2023 | 1.70 m | 41 | Not stated | Force-feedback joints and factory-task trials | Industrial manufacturing [30] |
| Walker S1 | 2024 | 1.72 m | 41 | 76 kg | 1.5 m/s speed, 15 kg payload, semantic VSLAM | Industrial manufacturing [7] |
| Walker S2 | 2025 | Not stated | 52 | Not stated | Autonomous battery exchange under three minutes, 15 kg handling, plus or minus 162-degree lumbar rotation | Industrial manufacturing [6][8] |

### Education robots

UBTECH's education product line focuses on STEM education and coding for children and schools.

| Product | Description | Target Audience |
|---|---|---|
| Alpha 1S | 16-servo-joint programmable humanoid; capable of dancing, martial arts poses, and custom movements via app | Consumers, students [5] |
| Alpha Mini | Portable companion robot (about 10 inches tall); voice interaction, facial recognition, object recognition, 4G LTE connectivity | Children, families [5] |
| Jimu Robot | Snap-together robotic building block system with servo motors and sensors; various kits | Ages 8+, STEM learners [5] |
| UBTECH Education Series | Classroom-oriented robotics and coding solutions for hands-on STEM activities | Educators, K-12 schools [5] |

Frost & Sullivan research reproduced in the 2023 prospectus ranked UBTECH first in China's education smart-robot products and services market by 2022 revenue, with a 22.5 percent share. [5]

### Commercial service robots

| Product | Description | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Cruzr | Cloud-based intelligent service robot; autonomous navigation (U-SLAM), voice/text/video interaction, up to 480 minutes per charge | Retail, hospitality, healthcare, airports [17] |
| Panda Robot (Youyou) | Panda-themed humanoid based on Walker technology; 41 servo joints, omnidirectional perception, bionic eye display | Interactive exhibitions, cultural events [16] |
| Star Wars Stormtrooper Robot | Licensed consumer robot with augmented reality, facial recognition, voice commands, and sentry patrol mode | Entertainment, consumers [5] |

### Other robots

At the LEAP 2025 technology conference in Saudi Arabia, UBTECH also showcased Una, described as the company's first hyper-realistic humanoid robot, alongside its Walker S series and Panda Robot. [16] UBTECH presented Una as an independently developed humanoid with a soft, warm exterior that understands natural language and provides emotional companionship, entertainment interaction, and reception services. [16]

### UWORLD U1 series

On June 30, 2026, UBTECH launched [UWORLD](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld), a consumer sub-brand for humanlike companion robots, and introduced the [UWORLD U1](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld_u1) series. UBTECH marketed it as the "world's first full-size mass-produced ultra-bionic humanoid robot"; that wording is a company claim, and the product was still in presale at launch. [21] Presales had opened on [JD.com](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/jd_com) on June 2 with a RMB3,000 deposit. [22][23]

| Trim | Body format | Announced price (RMB) | Locomotion reported at launch |
|---|---|---:|---|
| [U1 Lite](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld_u1_lite) | Partial-body unit | 119,800 | Stationary |
| [U1 Pro](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld_u1_pro) | Full-body unit | 169,800 | No autonomous walking demonstration reported |
| [U1 Ultra](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld_u1_ultra) | Full-body premium unit | 990,000 male / 880,000 female | Autonomous movement reported |

UBTECH said the U1 platform uses 88 articulated joints, silicone skin, an emotion-focused language model, and a persistent-memory system. [21] Chinese launch coverage reported that the Pro and Ultra differed materially in mobility and computing hardware, despite sharing the full-body form. [22] The dedicated [UWORLD U1](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/uworld_u1) pages cover the trim-level details.

UBTECH reported 13,361 cumulative orders by launch day and scheduled the first deliveries for mid-September 2026. [21] Because those figures were announced before delivery began, they are reservations or orders, not evidence that 13,361 units had shipped. UBTECH also announced a program to donate 100 customized U1 robots during 2026 to selected children and older adults living apart from family members. [21]

## Technology

### Servo actuators

UBTECH develops servo actuators for robot joints. Its prospectus says cumulative servo-actuator production reached one million units in 2018, while the company profile says its product range spans small- to large-torque actuators. [1][5] The 2025 annual report describes further work on high-performance limbs, dexterous hands, domain controllers, and factory-oriented motion control. [6]

### Navigation and perception

U-SLAM is UBTECH's navigation stack for indoor positioning and autonomous movement in service robots such as Cruzr and Walker X. [17][24] The Walker S line adds semantic visual SLAM and multi-camera or multi-sensor perception for industrial environments. [6][7] UBTECH's product and filing descriptions cover RGB-D cameras, binocular vision, fisheye cameras, force sensing, and inertial sensing, but sensor combinations differ by model.

### AI integration

ROSA 2.0 is the company's robotics application framework. [1] For industrial humanoids, UBTECH describes BrainNet 2.0 and Co-Agent as a two-level system for task planning, tool use, exception handling, and multi-robot coordination. [6][8] These capabilities are company descriptions; published demonstrations and deployment announcements do not establish that the robots can perform arbitrary tasks outside trained settings.

Academic work involving UBTECH platforms provides narrower evidence. A 2024 peer-reviewed paper reported experiments on a Walker2 robot using reactive footstep compensation and model-predictive control to recover from disturbances. [26] An earlier UBTECH-affiliated preprint evaluated force-feedback whole-body stabilization on a Walker-family platform. [19] These studies concern defined locomotion and control experiments, not the full commercial capabilities claimed for later Walker S models.

### Intellectual property

UBTECH reported 2,985 granted patents at December 31, 2025, including 508 overseas patents, an 11.4 percent increase from the end of 2024. [6] Its company profile had reported more than 2,790 robotics and AI-related patents by June 2025, with nearly 58 percent classified as invention patents. [1] The two figures use different dates and wording and should not be merged into a single undated total.

## Funding and financial performance

### Funding history

UBTECH's financing history cannot be summarized accurately by adding every publicized transaction into one "private funding" total. The 2023 prospectus records numerous capital increases and equity transfers: a US$10 million Series A capital increase in 2015; Series B subscriptions of RMB260 million and RMB65 million in 2016; and a US$241.3 million Series C capital increase agreed in December 2017. [5] UBTECH's 2018 press announcement called the broader financing, which included investors and transfers around that period, a US$820 million Series C transaction. [5] Those amounts have different scopes.

The IPO and later H-share placements were public-market equity transactions, not private venture rounds:

| Transaction | Shares | Price per share | Reported proceeds |
|---|---:|---:|---:|
| December 2023 global offering | 11,282,000 | HK$90.00 | HK$1,015.38 million gross; HK$905.87 million estimated net before later over-allotment proceeds [4] |
| July 2025 placement, completed July 28 | 30,155,450 | HK$82.00 | HK$2,410.26 million net [20] |
| November 2025 placement, completed December 2 | 31,468,000 | HK$98.80 | HK$3,055.71 million net [6][27] |

Because the disclosed transactions used different currencies, scopes, and structures, no single private-funding total is presented.

### Revenue and profitability

UBTECH remained loss-making in 2025, although revenue and gross profit increased and the annual loss narrowed. [6][12]

| Year | Revenue (RMB) | Gross profit (RMB) | Loss for the year (RMB) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|
| 2023 | 1.0557 billion | 332.8 million | 1.2646 billion [13] |
| 2024 | 1.3054 billion | 374.0 million | 1.1599 billion [13] |
| 2025 | 2.0010 billion | 753.8 million | 789.8 million [6][12] |

Revenue grew 53.3 percent in 2025 and gross margin rose from 28.7 percent to 37.7 percent. Revenue from full-size embodied-intelligent-humanoid products and services was RMB820.6 million, or 41.1 percent of total revenue, compared with RMB35.6 million in 2024. [12] Research and development expense was RMB507.5 million, up from RMB478.1 million, but declined as a share of revenue from 36.6 percent to 25.4 percent. [6]

## Partnerships and deployments

### Automotive and manufacturing

UBTECH has announced factory tests, training projects, and deployments with automakers and manufacturers. The stage and scope differ by partner, so these announcements should not all be described as commercial production deployments. [6][16]

| Partner | Robot | Reported activity |
|---|---|---|
| [NIO](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/nio) | Walker S | Training and tests for inspection and assembly-related tasks at the Hefei factory |
| BYD | Walker S1 | Material-handling trial and coordination with logistics robots |
| Audi FAW | Walker S1 | Pilot work on air-conditioning leak detection in Changchun |
| Geely / Zeekr | Walker S series | Multi-robot training across handling, sorting, and inspection scenarios |
| FAW-Volkswagen Qingdao | Walker S Lite | Quality-inspection training |
| Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor | Walker S | Inspection, fluid filling, and badge application demonstrations |
| Foxconn | Walker S2 | Coordination with logistics vehicles in a production-validation setting |

UBTECH's industrial-solution page also names BAIC BJEV, Hongqi, SF Express, and other partners, but much of the supporting material is first-party and describes trials or demonstrations. [6]

### Middle East

UBTECH supplied two Walker X robots to NEOM and deployed Cruzr for visitor guidance at Riyadh Season. [16] In September 2025, it announced an arrangement with Infini Capital that included a credit line of up to US$1 billion and plans for a Middle East joint venture, research center, and production facility. [10][11] "Up to" describes the facility limit, not cash already received, and the joint-venture plans were forward-looking at announcement.

### Expansion in 2026

By July 2026, Hitachi had introduced Walker S2 into selected manufacturing environments for testing and scenario validation, including work with Hitachi Elevator. [28] UBTECH also said Terra Robotics had bought an initial batch of several dozen full-size humanoids for European industrial use, including a long-term logistics pilot at ROSSMANN. [29] Both accounts come from UBTECH announcements and should be read as reported deployments, not independent performance evaluations.

### Education

The 2023 prospectus said UBTECH had sold more than 760,000 robots in over 50 countries by June 30, 2023 and ranked first in China's education smart-robot market by 2022 revenue with a 22.5 percent share. [5] Those historical measures should retain their dates; they are not current 2026 market-share estimates.

## Competition

Omdia estimated 13,318 shipments of general-purpose embodied-intelligent robots in 2025, up from 2,300 in 2024. Its report used a category broader than bipedal humanoids: qualifying robots could have a bipedal base or an omnidirectional wheeled base, but needed an upright body and humanlike arms. [25] The scope matters when comparing those figures with a manufacturer's narrower "full-size humanoid" sales category.

### How does UBTECH compare with Unitree and AgiBot?

Within Omdia's single comparable series, AgiBot ranked first with 5,168 shipments, followed by [Unitree Robotics](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/unitree) with an estimated 4,200 and UBTECH with 1,000. [14][25]

| Company | Country | Example robot | Emphasis in Omdia's assessment |
|---|---|---|---|
| UBTECH | China | Walker S2 | Commercial and industrial |
| [AgiBot](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/agibot) | China | A2, G2, X2 | Commercial and industrial |
| Unitree Robotics | China | H1, G1 | Research, education, and consumer |
| [Figure AI](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/figure_ai) | United States | Figure 02 | Commercial and industrial |
| [Tesla](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/tesla_optimus) | United States | [Optimus](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/tesla_optimus) | Manufacturing and general-purpose development |
| [Boston Dynamics](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/boston_dynamics) | United States | Atlas | Research and industrial development |
| [Agility Robotics](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/agility_robotics) | United States | Digit | Warehouse logistics |
| [Apptronik](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/apptronik) | United States | Apollo | Industrial and commercial development |
| [Sanctuary AI](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/sanctuary_ai) | Canada | Phoenix | General-purpose development |

Omdia placed AgiBot, Unitree, and UBTECH in its top shipment tier for 2025 and described other vendors as scaling production. [25] Shipment estimates do not by themselves measure revenue, autonomy, task reliability, or the proportion of robots operating continuously in customer facilities.

## Corporate information

| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Legal name | UBTECH Robotics Corp Ltd (优必选科技股份有限公司) |
| Founded | March 2012 [5] |
| Founder, chairman, and CEO | Zhou Jian (James Zhou) [5] |
| Headquarters | Shenzhen, Guangdong, China [6] |
| Full-time employees | 2,550 at December 31, 2025 [6] |
| Exchange | Hong Kong Stock Exchange |
| Stock code | 9880 |
| Listing date | December 29, 2023 [4] |

Market capitalization changes with the share price and outstanding share count and is not included as a fixed corporate attribute.

## See also

- [BYD humanoid (BoYoboD)](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/byd_humanoid)
- [Unitree Robotics](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/unitree)

## References

1. UBTECH Robotics. "About UBTECH." Retrieved July 28, 2026. https://www.ubtrobot.com/en/about/company-profile
2. South China Morning Post. "UBTech, maker of Stormtrooper robots, jumps in Hong Kong trading debut after pricing final IPO of 2023 at lower end of range." December 29, 2023. https://www.scmp.com/business/article/3246584/ubtech-maker-stormtrooper-robots-gains-hong-kong-trading-debut-after-pricing-final-ipo-2023-lower
3. UBTECH Robotics. "As Walker S Strikes the Gong, UBTECH Robotics Becomes the First Humanoid Robot Company Listed on the Main Board of the HKEX." December 29, 2023. https://www.ubtrobot.com/en/about/news/498762019606597
4. UBTECH Robotics Corp Ltd. "Announcement of Final Offer Price and Allotment Results." December 28, 2023. https://owebsite-cdn.ubtrobot.com/resources/file/2023/12/28/498230724886597.pdf
5. UBTECH Robotics Corp Ltd. "Global Offering: Prospectus." December 19, 2023. https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2023/1219/2023121900021.pdf
6. UBTECH Robotics Corp Ltd. "Annual Report 2025." April 14, 2026. https://owebsite-cdn.ubtrobot.com/resources/file/2026/04/21/797179114676293.pdf
7. UBTECH Robotics. "Walker S1: Industrial Humanoid Robot." Retrieved July 28, 2026. https://www.ubtrobot.com/en/humanoid/products/walker-s1
8. UBTECH Robotics. "Walker S2 Humanoid Robot." Retrieved July 28, 2026. https://www.ubtrobot.com/en/humanoid/products/walker-s2
9. UBTECH. "UBTECH Humanoid Robot Walker S2 Begins Mass Production and Delivery, with Orders Exceeding 800 Million Yuan." PR Newswire. November 17, 2025. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ubtech-humanoid-robot-walker-s2-begins-mass-production-and-delivery-with-orders-exceeding-800-million-yuan-302616924.html
10. South China Morning Post. "Leading Chinese humanoid robot maker UBTech gets US$1 billion boost from Infini Capital." September 3, 2025. https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3323905/leading-chinese-humanoid-robot-maker-ubtech-gets-us1-billion-boost-infini-capital
11. TechNode. "UBTECH plans Middle East mega factory after $1 billion Infini Capital deal." September 1, 2025. https://technode.com/2025/09/01/ubtech-plans-middle-east-mega-factory-after-1-billion-infini-capital-deal/
12. UBTECH Robotics Corp Ltd. "Annual Results Announcement for the Year Ended December 31, 2025." March 31, 2026. https://owebsite-cdn.ubtrobot.com/resources/file/2026/04/15/795097191964741.pdf
13. UBTECH Robotics Corp Ltd. "Annual Results Announcement for the Year Ended December 31, 2024." March 30, 2025. https://owebsite-cdn.ubtrobot.com/resources/file/2025/04/04/662025667334213.pdf
14. Xinhua. "Chinese firms lead global humanoid robot production in 2025: report." January 9, 2026. https://english.news.cn/20260109/72047a00f7894044b0fa2c35d11176ed/c.html
15. Evan Ackerman. "UBTECH Shows Off Massive Upgrades to Walker Humanoid Robot." IEEE Spectrum. January 8, 2019. https://spectrum.ieee.org/ubtech-upgrades-walker-humanoid-robot
16. UBTECH. "UBTECH Showcases its Latest Humanoid Robots and Solutions at LEAP 2025." PR Newswire. February 10, 2025. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ubtech-showcases-its-latest-humanoid-robots-and-solutions-at-leap-2025-302372273.html
17. UBTECH Robotics. "UBTECH Introduces Cruzr: a Cloud-Based Intelligent Humanoid Service Robot." Business Wire. January 5, 2017. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170105005103/en/UBTECH-Introduces-Cruzr-a-Cloud-Based-Intelligent-Humanoid-Service-Robot
18. UBTECH Robotics. "UBTECH Announces Walker, the World's First Bipedal Intelligent Humanoid Robot for Consumers." January 9, 2018. https://ubtechroboticscorppressroom.wordpress.com/2018/01/09/ubtech-announces-walker-the-worlds-first-bipedal-intelligent-humanoid-robot-for-consumers/
19. T. Zhang et al. "Force-feedback based Whole-body Stabilizer for Position-Controlled Humanoid Robots." arXiv:2108.06652. August 15, 2021. https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.06652
20. UBTECH Robotics Corp Ltd. "Placing of New H Shares under General Mandate." July 22, 2025. https://owebsite-cdn.ubtrobot.com/resources/file/2025/07/22/700492031000645.pdf
21. UBTECH. "UBTECH Launches UWORLD U1, the World's First Full-Size Mass-Produced Ultra-Bionic Humanoid Robot." PR Newswire. June 30, 2026. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ubtech-launches-uworld-u1-the-worlds-first-full-size-mass-produced-ultra-bionic-humanoid-robot-302815285.html
22. IT Home. "11.98~99万元，优必选首款全尺寸超仿生人形机器人优世界U1系列发布." June 30, 2026. https://www.ithome.com/0/970/624.htm
23. Interesting Engineering. "Chinese firm plans life-like male and female humanoid robot companions." June 2026. https://interestingengineering.com/ai-robotics/china-ubtech-humanoid-robot-companions
24. UBTECH Robotics. "Walker X Commercial Humanoid Robot." Retrieved July 28, 2026. https://www.ubtrobot.com/en/humanoid/products/walker-x
25. Omdia. "Market Radar: General-purpose Embodied Intelligent Robots, 2026." January 2026. https://www.zhiyuan-robot.com/public/uploads/file/Omdia%20Market%20Radar%20-%20General-purpose%20Embodied%20Intelligent%20Robot%20-%202026.pdf
26. L. Qiao et al. "A Reactive Planning and Control Framework for Humanoid Robot Locomotion." Advanced Intelligent Systems 6 (2024): 2400263. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400263
27. UBTECH Robotics Corp Ltd. "Placing of New H Shares under General Mandate." November 25, 2025. https://owebsite-cdn.ubtrobot.com/resources/file/2025/11/25/745070751723589.pdf
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