# Zhang Peng (Zhipu AI)

> Source: https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/zhang_peng
> Updated: 2026-09-23
> Fact-checked: 2026-09-23
> Categories: Chinese AI, Large Language Models, People
> License: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) - attribute to "AI Wiki (aiwiki.ai)"
> Cite as: AI Wiki. "Zhang Peng (Zhipu AI)." aiwiki.ai, 23 Sept 2026. https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/zhang_peng
> From AI Wiki (https://aiwiki.ai), the free encyclopedia of artificial intelligence. Reuse freely with attribution.

**Zhang Peng** (Chinese: 张鹏) is a Chinese computer scientist and technology executive who serves as co-founder, executive director, chief executive officer and general manager of [Zhipu AI](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/zhipu_ai), the Beijing-based developer of the [GLM](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/glm) family of [foundation models](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/foundation_models) that has operated internationally as [Z.ai](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/z_ai) since mid-2025 [13][14][27]. A longtime engineer from [Tsinghua University](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/tsinghua_university)'s Knowledge Engineering Group (KEG), Zhang has been with the company since its founding as a university spinoff in June 2019 and led it to its debut on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on January 8, 2026, which made Zhipu the first major Chinese [large language model](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/large_language_model) developer to go public [29]. The listed entity, registered in English as Knowledge Atlas Technology Joint Stock Company Limited until it became Z.AI Co., Ltd. in July 2026, trades under stock code 2513 [36]. On June 22, 2026 its market value topped HK$1 trillion (about USD 128 billion), after the shares had risen more than 1,700 percent since the January debut [24]. In August 2026 TIME included him in its TIME100 AI list [45].

## Who is Zhang Peng?

Zhang belongs to the generation of Chinese AI founders who emerged from university laboratories rather than the consumer internet industry. He entered Tsinghua's Department of Computer Science and Technology in 1998 and worked at the university from August 2005 to December 2020, much of that time in KEG, where he was responsible for turning the lab's [knowledge graph](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/knowledge_graph) and [language model](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/language_model) research into systems for enterprise clients [3][27][46][47]. At Zhipu he presides over a company that has positioned itself as one of China's most deliberate pursuers of artificial general intelligence ([AGI](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/agi)), with a stated mission of making machines think like humans [1].

His tenure spans the defining events in the company's history: the open bilingual model [GLM-130B](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/glm_130b) in 2022, the [ChatGLM](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/chatglm) era that followed ChatGPT, the company's addition to the United States [Entity List](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/entity_list) in January 2025 [20], the Hong Kong initial public offering of January 2026 [28], a proposal announced on June 1, 2026 to raise up to RMB 15 billion (about USD 2.2 billion) through a second listing on the Shanghai Stock Exchange's STAR Market [5][32], and the naming of Z.AI in a September 2026 US government advisory on model distillation [43].

Zhang Peng is a common Chinese name. The Zhipu chief executive should not be confused with other public figures who share it, notably Zhang Peng, the founder and chief executive of GeekPark, a Beijing technology media and innovation community [6].

## Education and Tsinghua

According to Zhipu's listing prospectus, Zhang earned a bachelor's degree (July 2002) and a master's degree (July 2005) in computer science and technology from Tsinghua University, followed by a Ph.D. in electronics and information from Tsinghua in June 2025 [27]. The doctorate came through the university's Innovation Leadership engineering doctorate program, which he joined as part of its 2018 cohort [7][46].

His research career was rooted in KEG, the Tsinghua laboratory that the prospectus describes as led by Professor [Li Juanzi](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/li_juanzi), and where, since 2018, work with scientists including Professor [Tang Jie](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/tang_jie) spearheaded the GLM large model framework [27]. As a principal researcher, Zhang contributed to the GLM series of large models as well as [AMiner](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/aminer), the lab's academic knowledge graph and researcher-profiling system, and XLORE, which conference biographies describe as China's first balanced Chinese-English cross-lingual knowledge graph, and he published more than ten papers at venues including ICML and ISWC [7][27][48]. Within the lab he was the engineering counterpart to its academic leadership, responsible for converting research prototypes into working products [3].

The prospectus lists three honors: the Fourth Wang Xuan News Science and Technology Award (November 2009), a first prize Science and Technology Progress Award from the China Institute of Electronics (March 2024), and the title of Model Worker of the National Industry and Information System from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (April 2025) [27].

## What is Zhipu AI?

Zhipu AI, formally Beijing Zhipu Huazhang Technology Co., Ltd., was established on June 11, 2019 as a spinoff of KEG [27]. Zhang has recalled that his group began looking for an official route to commercialize the lab's work in 2017, that a state policy issued in January 2018 allowed in-service researchers at scientific institutions to commercialize their results, and that working through the details with the university took about a year and a half before the company was registered in June 2019 [3].

The founding team divided responsibilities along academic and operational lines. Tang Jie, who remained a Tsinghua professor, was an academic co-founder; Chinese media describe him as chief scientist, although the company's listing prospectus gives that title to Zhang Bo and names a six-person founding team of Liu Debing, Li Juanzi, Tang Jie, Xu Bin, Zhang Peng, and Wang Shaolan [8][27]. [Liu Debing](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/liu_debing) took the chairmanship with responsibility for strategic planning and overall management, while Zhang became CEO and general manager in charge of business development, research and development, and daily operations, with Wang Shaolan serving as deputy general manager [27]. A 2024 profile published by TMTPost says Zhang's title at founding was chief technology officer and that he later moved into the chief executive role; a China Computer Federation biography also lists him as Zhipu's CTO [47][48]. The prospectus gives January 1, 2024 as the date of his appointment to the company's senior management [27]. Under a 2023 concert party agreement, Liu, Tang, Li, Xu Bin, Zhang and three platforms controlled by Liu act together as the controlling shareholders, holding about 33 percent of the shares before the IPO and about 30 percent after it [27].

Before its IPO Zhipu completed at least eight financing rounds totaling more than RMB 8.3 billion, according to STAR Market Daily and an Investment World analysis of the prospectus [8][46]. Its backers include Alibaba, [Tencent](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/tencent), Meituan, Xiaomi, Ant Group, HongShan, Qiming Venture Partners, and Legend Capital [8][9][27]. In May 2024 Saudi Aramco's venture arm Prosperity7 Ventures joined a USD 400 million financing that valued the company at about USD 3 billion, according to Bloomberg [10]. After the company was placed on the US Entity List, state capital became more prominent: in March 2025 Zhipu raised about USD 257 million in quick succession from government-backed investors in Hangzhou, Zhuhai, and Chengdu [11], and in July 2025 it secured 1 billion yuan (about USD 140 million) from Shanghai state-backed investors [12]. In July 2025 the company consolidated its international brand as Z.ai [13][14].

As of September 30, 2025 Zhipu reported more than 12,000 enterprise customers, more than 80 million end-user devices and over 45 million developers using its models [1]; Zhang has said its services are used by nine of China's ten largest internet companies [3]. The company's first annual results as a listed firm showed 2025 revenue of RMB 724.3 million, up 131.9 percent year on year, with gross margin falling from 56.3 percent to 41.0 percent and the loss for the year widening to RMB 4.72 billion; research and development spending rose to RMB 3.18 billion [25][31]. Revenue from cloud-based deployment (the open platform and API business) rose 292.6 percent and revenue from enterprise-level agents 248.8 percent [31].

The shift continued in 2026. Interim results for the six months ended June 30, 2026 showed revenue of RMB 953.9 million, up 399.7 percent year on year, of which RMB 825.2 million (86.5 percent) came from the open platform and API business; the loss for the period narrowed 12.1 percent to RMB 2.07 billion, while the adjusted net loss grew 12.1 percent to RMB 1.96 billion [39]. The company said it had moved domestic Chinese chips into its main inference fleet, running inference on a cluster of more than 100,000 domestic chips, and that unit token inference cost had fallen 80 percent since the start of the year [39].

## What models has Zhipu built?

Zhang has overseen the GLM (General Language Model) line since the company began developing the GLM pre-training framework in 2020 [27]. Major releases under his leadership include:

| Model | Release | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| GLM-130B | 2022 | Open bilingual Chinese-English model with 130 billion parameters [21][27] |
| ChatGLM-6B | March 2023 | Open-weight conversational model released amid the post-ChatGPT boom [14][27] |
| [GLM-4](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/glm_4) | January 2024 | Foundation model with agent orchestration capabilities [14][27] |
| [GLM-4.5](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/glm_4_5) | July 2025 | 355-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts model (32 billion active) under the MIT license, built for agentic tasks [15] |
| [GLM-4.6](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/glm_4_6) | September 2025 | Agentic coding update that finishes tasks with about 15 percent fewer tokens than GLM-4.5 [16] |
| GLM-4.7 | December 2025 | Open-weight coding-focused successor to GLM-4.6 under the MIT license [17] |
| [GLM-5](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/glm_5) | February 2026 | 744-billion-parameter open-weight MoE flagship under the MIT license [18] |
| [GLM-5.1](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/glm_5_1) | April 2026 | API launched March 27, 2026; open weights published April 7, 2026 [19] |
| [GLM-5.2](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/glm_5_2) | June 2026 | Long-horizon flagship with a 1-million-token context, released under the MIT license; Hugging Face lists about 753 billion parameters, and Z.ai's own benchmark table gives it 62.1 on SWE-bench Pro against 58.6 for GPT-5.5 and 69.2 for Claude Opus 4.8 [26][35] |
| [GLM-5.3](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/glm_5_3) | August 2026 | Coding and cyber-defense model post-trained on the same base model as GLM-5.2, which Z.ai's launch post described as a 743-billion-parameter base; hosted launch August 14, open weights August 28 under a custom GLM-5.3 license [40][41][42] |
| [GLM-5.3-Flash](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/glm_5_3_flash) | August 2026 | Low-cost companion to GLM-5.3 with 320 billion total and 18 billion active parameters; the company says its inference marked the first time it fully deployed a domestic chip cluster to serve ultra-large-scale real-world traffic [39] |

A distinctive feature of Zhang's strategy is releasing frontier-scale weights while monetizing through APIs, subscriptions and an enterprise Model-as-a-Service (MaaS) platform. From GLM-4.5 onward, flagship weights have been distributed through Hugging Face and ModelScope, mostly under the MIT license, alongside free consumer access on Z.ai [15][18]. The practice continued after the IPO: GLM-5 shipped as an open-weight model a month after the listing [18], GLM-5.2 was announced to the Hong Kong exchange on June 15, 2026 as an MIT-licensed open-source release [35], and GLM-5.3 weights followed two weeks after its hosted launch [41]. The GLM-5.3 license departs from plain MIT terms: it is permissive for most users, but an operator of a Model-as-a-Service business whose group revenue exceeds USD 10 billion over 12 months must pass a Z.AI security review before commercial use [42]. The company's planned STAR Market raise earmarks RMB 12 billion, 80 percent of the proceeds, for its general-purpose foundation model project, which press coverage says covers GLM-6 and subsequent model series [5][32].

## When did Zhipu go public, and why was it on the Entity List?

In January 2025, the US Commerce Department's Bureau of Industry and Security added Beijing Zhipu Huazhang Technology and a group of affiliated entities to the Entity List, effective January 16, 2025, asserting that they advanced China's military modernization through the development and integration of advanced artificial intelligence research [20]. The action came days before President Joe Biden left office [4]. Geopolitechs described Zhipu as the first Chinese large language model company sanctioned by the United States [21]. The company responded that the decision "lacks factual basis," said it strongly opposed it, and stated that because it possessed end-to-end core large-model technology, inclusion would not materially affect its business; it added that it would continue to participate in global AI competition [21].

The sanction did not stop the listing drive. In April 2025 Zhipu made a preliminary tutoring filing with the Beijing bureau of the China Securities Regulatory Commission for an A-share listing, with China International Capital Corporation as tutoring institution [27]. The company ultimately adopted a Hong-Kong-first path. On January 8, 2026 it listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange at an offer price of HK$116.20 per share, raising gross proceeds of about HK$4.35 billion (net HK$4.17 billion) before the over-allotment option [28]. The Hong Kong public tranche was 1,159.46 times subscribed and the international tranche 15.28 times [28]. The shares opened at HK$120.00, for an opening market capitalization of HK$52.83 billion, and closed the first day at HK$131.50, up about 13 percent [1][29]. Zhipu was the first of China's "AI tigers" to go public [29], a group commonly taken to include [Moonshot AI](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/moonshot_ai), [MiniMax](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/minimax), [Baichuan](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/baichuan), [StepFun](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/stepfun), and [01.AI](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/01_ai) [30]; MiniMax followed the next day [2][22]. At the listing Zhang called it "a landmark milestone" and said the company would keep working to make machines think like humans while shouldering greater social responsibility [1].

Zhang has framed the IPO as a means rather than an end, comparing the company's path to a marathon in which founders "have to persist" and treat capital events as supply stations where one can "replenish yourself" mid-race [3].

On June 1, 2026, less than five months after the Hong Kong debut, Zhipu's board approved a proposal to issue A shares and list them on Shanghai's STAR Market, raising up to RMB 15 billion: RMB 12 billion for its general-purpose foundation model project, RMB 2 billion for its MaaS platform, and RMB 1 billion for working capital [32]. MiniMax had filed its own A-share tutoring papers on May 29, 2026 [5]. On June 17, 2026 the China Securities Regulatory Commission's website showed the tutoring status as "tutoring acceptance," with Guotai Haitong Securities as tutoring broker [33]. Shareholders approved the plan at the June 22, 2026 annual general meeting, and on July 7 the company denied media reports that it had withdrawn its tutoring filing, stating that the tutoring had been completed [34]. On June 22 the Hong Kong shares rose as much as 42 percent intraday to HK$2,980, taking market capitalization past HK$1 trillion, before closing at HK$2,410 [24].

The company kept raising capital in Hong Kong after the listing. It placed 19.78 million new H shares at HK$1,588 each in July 2026 for gross proceeds of about HK$31.4 billion [37], changed its registered English name to Z.AI Co., Ltd. on July 8, 2026, with the stock short name changing to "Z.AI" from July 17 [36], and in September 2026 completed a further placing of 21.97 million H shares (gross proceeds about HK$15.7 billion) together with RMB 20.14 billion of US-dollar-settled zero coupon convertible bonds due 2027 [38].

On September 8, 2026 the National Security Agency, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and the FBI issued joint advisory AA26-251A, which named Z.AI among six China-based AI companies it accused of industrial-scale knowledge distillation of US models, alleging that "by mid-2026, Z.AI had distilled billions of tokens of GPT-5.5 data and Claude Opus 4.8 data to develop the CoT reasoning capabilities of its model" [43]. China's Ministry of Commerce rejected the accusations as lacking any factual or legal basis and said China would take countermeasures if the United States used distillation as a pretext to act against Chinese AI companies [44]. See [NSA, CISA and FBI Distillation Advisory (AA26-251A)](https://aiwiki.ai/wiki/nsa_cisa_fbi_distillation_advisory).

## Views

Zhang has described Zhipu's long-term aim as AGI, and in remarks quoted by Turing Post said AI development would focus on "achieving super cognitive intelligence beyond human level" [14]. At the 36Kr WISE2024 conference in Beijing in November 2024, he laid out a five-level view of AI capability that progresses from language (and other modalities) through logical reasoning and tool use to self-learning [23]. In the same talk he argued that worries about the scaling law hitting a ceiling were premature, pointing to unexplored headroom in vision, hearing, and other modalities: "It is indeed a bit premature for us to worry about hitting the ceiling or hitting a dead end," in 36Kr's English rendering [23].

In a March 2026 interview with Xueqiu founder Fang Sanwen, translated by Geopolitechs, Zhang said AGI lacks an authoritative definition but is likely achievable if the goal is defined reasonably, citing one behavioral view that AI reaching average human performance across a range of capabilities would count as AGI; he also said he did not expect the field of general-purpose model makers to narrow to a single winner while the technology is still developing quickly [49].

On AI investment, Zhang has dismissed bubble concerns in China, arguing in an interview translated by Ginger River Review that investment in China is not enough ("only a fraction, maybe one-tenth or even one-twentieth," he said when asked to compare) and asking, "If we don't invest, will it just naturally happen?" [3]. Speaking to STAR Market Daily before the listing ceremony, he said that however much money Zhipu raises or earns, it is only travel money for the road to AGI ("不管智谱融了多少钱，拿了多少收益，其实都是通往AGI道路上的盘缠"); the same article quoted an earlier remark to the paper in which he said the company jokes about pricing against Anthropic: "如果Anthropic卖200美元，我们就卖200元人民币" ("if Anthropic sells for 200 US dollars, we sell for 200 yuan") [46]. After Zhipu raised its API prices in early 2026, he said at a results briefing that price is determined by value, emphasizing the value created per token for customers [5].

## References

1. [China's AGI Pioneer and Leader Z.ai Listed on Hong Kong Stock Exchange](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chinas-agi-pioneer-and-leader-zai-listed-on-hong-kong-stock-exchange-302656265.html) - PR Newswire (Qiming Venture Partners release), January 8, 2026.
2. [Firms steer AI developer MiniMax's HKD4.82bn Hong Kong IPO](https://law.asia/minimax-hkex-ipo-legal-advisors-ai-six-tigers/) - Law.asia, January 2026.
3. [Zhipu CEO Zhang Peng on Taking China's First LLM Company Public](https://www.gingerriver.com/p/zhipu-ceo-zhang-peng-on-taking-chinas) - Ginger River Review (English translation of a Zhang Xiaojun podcast interview), 2026.
4. [Tech war: US adds Chinese AI unicorn Zhipu to trade blacklist before Biden's exit](https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-war/article/3295002/tech-war-us-adds-chinese-ai-unicorn-zhipu-trade-blacklist-bidens-exit) - South China Morning Post, January 16, 2025.
5. [Zhipu AI Targets STAR Board IPO to Raise approximately $2.2 Billion as China's AI Leaders Race Back to A-Shares](https://finance.biggo.com/news/K3rLhp4BaoGGrU-ImdiB) - BigGo Finance, June 2026.
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13. [Z.ai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z.ai) - Wikipedia, accessed September 23, 2026.
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21. [Zhipu AI: Not Relying on U.S. Large-Model Technology, Undeterred by U.S. Entity List, Will Continue to Participate in Global AI Competition](https://www.geopolitechs.org/p/zhipu-ai-not-relying-on-us-large) - Geopolitechs (includes Zhipu's statement in Chinese and English), January 2025.
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28. [Announcement of Offer Price and Allotment Results](https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0107/2026010701798.pdf) - Knowledge Atlas Technology, HKEXnews, January 7, 2026.
29. [The first of China's 'AI tigers' goes public as Zhipu climbs in Hong Kong debut](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/08/china-ai-tiger-goes-ipo-zhipu-hong-kong-debut-openai-knowledge-atlas-hsi-hang-seng-listing.html) - CNBC, January 8, 2026.
30. [After tech giants, a new cohort of "AI tigers" finds footing in China](https://kr-asia.com/after-tech-giants-a-new-cohort-of-ai-tigers-finds-footing-in-china) - KrASIA, April 20, 2026.
31. [Annual Results Announcement for the Year Ended 31 December 2025](https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0331/2026033101549.pdf) - Knowledge Atlas Technology, HKEXnews, March 31, 2026.
32. [(1) Proposed Issue of A Shares and Listing on the Sci-Tech Board and Other Ancillary Resolutions and (2) Proposed Change of the English Name of the Company](https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0601/2026060104110.pdf) - Knowledge Atlas Technology, HKEXnews, June 1, 2026.
33. [智谱科创板IPO辅导状态变更为"辅导验收"，拟募资150亿元 (Zhipu's STAR Market IPO tutoring status changes to "tutoring acceptance," plans to raise 15 billion yuan)](http://stock.caijing.com.cn/20260617/5165933.shtml) - Caijing, June 17, 2026.
34. [Clarification Announcement](https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0707/2026070700235.pdf) - Knowledge Atlas Technology, HKEXnews, July 7, 2026.
35. [Voluntary Announcement: Launch of GLM-5.2](https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0615/2026061500277.pdf) - Knowledge Atlas Technology, HKEXnews, June 15, 2026.
36. [Change of the English Name of the Company and English Stock Short Name](https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0714/2026071400984.pdf) - Z.AI Co., Ltd., HKEXnews, July 14, 2026.
37. [Completion of Placing of New H Shares under General Mandate](https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0713/2026071300662.pdf) - Knowledge Atlas Technology, HKEXnews, July 13, 2026.
38. [(1) Completion of Placing of New H Shares under General Mandate; and (2) Completion of the Issue of RMB20.14 Billion U.S. Dollar Settled Zero Coupon Convertible Bonds due 2027 under General Mandate](https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0918/2026091800399.pdf) - Z.AI Co., Ltd., HKEXnews, September 18, 2026.
39. [Interim Results Announcement for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2026](https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0831/2026083101539.pdf) - Z.AI Co., Ltd., HKEXnews, August 31, 2026.
40. [Introducing GLM-5.3: Built to Code. Ready for Cyber Defense.](https://x.com/Zai_org/status/2088132965922476159) - Z.ai on X, August 14, 2026.
41. [GLM-5.3 is now open-weight](https://x.com/Zai_org/status/2093354097122455713) - Z.ai on X, August 28, 2026.
42. [GLM-5.3 License](https://huggingface.co/zai-org/GLM-5.3/raw/main/LICENSE) - Z.ai on Hugging Face, 2026.
43. [China-Based Artificial Intelligence Companies Conducting Industrial-Scale Distillation Campaigns Against U.S. AI Companies (AA26-251A)](https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa26-251a) - NSA, CISA and FBI joint cybersecurity advisory, September 8, 2026.
44. [商务部新闻发言人就美发布中国人工智能企业对美蒸馏活动相关网络安全公告答记者问 (MOFCOM spokesperson answers questions on the US cybersecurity advisory on Chinese AI companies' distillation activities)](https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/syxwfb/art/2026/art_1d982b77535347f1bdebc1e5f59a9b4e.html) - Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China, September 2026.
45. [Zhang Peng: The 100 Most Influential People in AI 2026](https://time.com/collection/time100-ai/2026/zhang-peng/) - TIME, by Chris Stokel-Walker, August 27, 2026.
46. [从清华实验室到港交所，智谱CEO张鹏的六年AGI长跑 (From a Tsinghua lab to the HKEX: Zhipu CEO Zhang Peng's six-year AGI marathon)](https://www.cls.cn/detail/2252184) - STAR Market Daily (Cailian Press), January 8, 2026.
47. [20年蛰伏，低调成就一位大模型领袖 (Twenty years in the lab: the low-key rise of a large-model leader)](https://www.tmtpost.com/7287883.html) - TMTPost (by First New Voice), October 16, 2024.
48. [张鹏 (Zhang Peng), speaker biography](https://dl.ccf.org.cn/albumList/6259748213229568) - China Computer Federation Digital Library.
49. [An exclusive interview with Zhipu CEO](https://www.geopolitechs.org/p/an-exclusive-interview-with-zhipu) - Geopolitechs, March 13, 2026.