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19:17, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Eager execution (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Eager execution is a programming paradigm in machine learning that offers a more intuitive and flexible way of building, training, and debugging computational graphs. Unlike the traditional graph-based execution, which requires the construction of a static computation graph before running any operations, eager execution allows operations to be executed immediately as they are called, similar to standard Python programs...")
19:17, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Dropout regularization (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Dropout Regularization in Machine Learning== Dropout regularization is a technique used in machine learning to prevent overfitting in neural networks. Overfitting occurs when a model learns to perform well on the training data but fails to generalize to unseen data. This article discusses the concept of dropout regularization, its implementation, and its advantages in the context of neural networks. ===Concept=== Dropout regularizat...")
19:17, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Disparate treatment (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Disparate Treatment in Machine Learning== Disparate treatment in machine learning refers to the unjust or prejudicial treatment of individuals or groups based on certain attributes, such as race, gender, or age, in the context of algorithmic decision-making systems. This phenomenon occurs when the model learns to make biased decisions due to the presence of discriminatory patterns in the training data, resulting in unfair treatment f...")
19:17, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Disparate impact (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Disparate Impact in Machine Learning== Disparate impact in machine learning refers to the unintended and potentially discriminatory consequences of an algorithmic decision-making process, where certain groups or individuals may be adversely affected due to biases in the data or model. This phenomenon raises significant ethical, legal, and social concerns, as it may perpetuate or exacerbate existing inequalities. ===Causes of Dispara...")
19:16, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Discriminator (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== A '''discriminator''' in the context of machine learning refers to a model or a component of a model designed to distinguish between different types of data. Discriminators are most commonly used in Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), where they play a crucial role in the training process by evaluating the authenticity of generated data samples. This article provides an overview of discriminators, their applica...")
19:16, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Discriminative model (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Discriminative Models in Machine Learning== Discriminative models are a class of machine learning algorithms that aim to model the decision boundary between different classes or categories. These models focus on estimating the conditional probability of a class label given a set of input features, denoted as P(Y|X), where Y represents the class label and X the input features. Discriminative models are widely used for various tasks, s...")
19:16, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Dimensions (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== In the field of machine learning, dimensions refer to the number of features or attributes used to represent data points in a dataset. High-dimensional data can pose challenges to traditional machine learning algorithms, while also providing opportunities for more complex and detailed analyses. This article will explore the concept of dimensions in machine learning, their implications, and strategies for dealing wi...")
19:16, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Dimension reduction (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Dimension Reduction in Machine Learning== Dimension reduction, also known as dimensionality reduction, is a fundamental technique in the field of machine learning and data analysis. The primary goal of dimension reduction is to reduce the number of features or variables in a dataset while preserving its underlying structure and information. This process aids in improving computational efficiency, reducing the risk of overfitt...")
19:16, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Device (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Device in Machine Learning== The term "device" in the context of machine learning generally refers to the hardware that is utilized for running machine learning algorithms, models, and training processes. Devices can range from basic personal computers to powerful, specialized processors designed specifically for machine learning tasks. In this article, we will explore the various types of devices used in machine learning, their char...")
19:16, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Derived label (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Derived Label in Machine Learning== In machine learning, a '''derived label''' refers to the output variable that has been transformed or computed from the raw data in order to improve the performance or interpretability of a model. The process of creating derived labels often involves feature engineering and domain expertise to determine the most relevant or meaningful representations of the data. ===Feature Engineering and Derived...")
19:15, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Dense layer (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Dense Layer in Machine Learning== A '''dense layer''' in machine learning, also referred to as a '''fully connected layer''' or simply '''FC layer''', is a fundamental architectural component of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and deep learning models. The dense layer functions as a linear transformation followed by an optional non-linear activation function, which facilitates the learning and representation of complex...")
19:15, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Demographic parity (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Demographic Parity in Machine Learning== Demographic parity, also known as statistical parity, is a fairness metric used in machine learning to assess the performance of classification algorithms with respect to different demographic groups. It measures the extent to which an algorithm's predictions are unbiased with respect to a protected attribute, such as gender, race, or age. The goal of demographic parity is to ensure equal trea...")
19:15, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Deep neural network (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== A '''deep neural network''' (DNN) is a type of artificial neural network (ANN) used in machine learning and deep learning that consists of multiple interconnected layers of artificial neurons. DNNs have gained significant attention in recent years due to their ability to effectively model complex and large-scale data, leading to breakthroughs in various domains, such as computer vision, natural langua...")
19:15, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Decision threshold (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Definition== A '''decision threshold''' is a predefined value or cut-off point that determines the classification of instances in a machine learning algorithm. It is particularly useful in binary classification problems, where a model outputs a probability score for a given instance belonging to one of two classes (e.g., positive or negative). By comparing the probability score to the decision threshold, the model can assign the...")
19:15, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Decision boundary (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Decision Boundary in Machine Learning== ===Definition=== In machine learning, a '''decision boundary''' is the surface that separates different classes or categories in a classification problem. It represents the boundary in the feature space where the algorithm makes decisions to classify input data points into their respective categories, based on the chosen classification model. A well-defined decision boundary can aid in accurate...")
19:15, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Data parallelism (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Data parallelism is a technique in machine learning that involves the simultaneous processing of data subsets across multiple computational resources to expedite training processes. It is particularly useful when dealing with large-scale datasets and computationally-intensive models, such as deep neural networks and other complex machine learning architectures. By distributing the workload across multiple resou...")
19:15, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Data analysis (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Data analysis in machine learning is the process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to extract useful information, draw conclusions, and support decision-making. Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on designing algorithms and models that can learn from data to make predictions or decisions. In this context, data analysis is crucial in selecting appropriate fe...")
19:14, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Cross-validation (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Cross-validation in Machine Learning== Cross-validation is a widely used technique in machine learning for estimating the performance of a predictive model. It aims to assess how well a model can generalize to an independent dataset by evaluating its performance on multiple subsets of the training data. This approach helps to mitigate overfitting, a common issue in machine learning where the model learns the training data too wel...")
19:14, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Cross-entropy (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Cross-entropy is a measure of the dissimilarity between two probability distributions, commonly used in machine learning, particularly in the context of training neural networks and other classification models. It serves as a widely used loss function in optimization algorithms, where the objective is to minimize the discrepancy between the predicted distribution and the true distribution of data. In this article,...")
19:14, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Coverage bias (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Coverage Bias in Machine Learning== Coverage bias, also referred to as sampling bias, is a form of bias that occurs in machine learning when the data used to train a model does not accurately represent the target population or the problem space. This leads to models that may perform well on the training data, but poorly on the general population, ultimately resulting in biased predictions or decisions. The primary cause of coverage b...")
19:14, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Counterfactual fairness (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Counterfactual fairness is a concept in machine learning that aims to ensure that an algorithm's predictions are fair by considering hypothetical alternative outcomes under different conditions. The idea is to create models that make unbiased decisions by accounting for potential biases in data, which could lead to unfair treatment of individuals or groups. This concept is particularly important in the context of sensi...")
19:14, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Cost (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Definition of Cost in Machine Learning== In the context of machine learning, the term '''cost''' refers to a metric that quantifies the difference between the predicted values generated by a model and the true values of the target variable. This metric, also known as the '''loss function''' or '''objective function''', is an essential component of the optimization process, as it guides the model's learning process to minimize the...")
19:14, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Convex set (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Definition== In the context of machine learning, a '''convex set''' is a collection of points in a Euclidean space, such that for any two points within the set, the entire line segment connecting these points also lies within the set. Convex sets are fundamental to the study of optimization problems and are particularly important in machine learning due to their desirable properties, which often lead to efficient and robust a...")
19:13, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Co-training (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Co-training in Machine Learning== Co-training is a semi-supervised learning technique in the domain of machine learning. It leverages both labeled and unlabeled data to improve the performance of classifiers. The technique was first introduced by Avrim Blum and Tom Mitchell in their 1998 paper, ''Combining Labeled and Unlabeled Data with Co-Training''. Co-training is particularly useful when labeled data is scarce, as it make...")
19:13, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Dataset API (tf.data) (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== The '''Dataset API (tf.data)''' is a versatile and high-performance input pipeline system designed for use with the TensorFlow machine learning framework. It facilitates the process of loading, preprocessing, and transforming data efficiently, thus allowing for optimal utilization of computational resources during model training and evaluation. The tf.data API is specifically tailored to address the requirements of...")
15:46, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Time series analysis (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Time series analysis is a statistical technique used to identify and analyze patterns and trends in data collected over time. It plays a critical role in various fields, including finance, economics, and meteorology. In machine learning, time series analysis is used to build predictive models that forecast future events based on historical data. The primary goal of time series analysis in machine learning is to extract...")
15:46, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Sketching (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== In the field of machine learning, ''sketching'' refers to a technique used to reduce the dimensionality of data, while approximately preserving its essential properties. The primary goal of sketching is to facilitate the efficient processing and analysis of large datasets, which is crucial for the success of various machine learning algorithms. This article provides an overview of sketching techniques, their applic...")
15:46, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Similarity measure (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Similarity Measure in Machine Learning== A '''similarity measure''' is a metric used in machine learning to quantify the degree of resemblance between two objects or data points. Similarity measures are essential for many machine learning tasks, such as clustering, classification, and recommender systems. These metrics facilitate the identification of similar instances and the organization of data into meaningful grou...")
15:46, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page K-median (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== The '''k-median''' algorithm is a popular unsupervised learning technique in the field of machine learning and data science. It is a variant of the well-known k-means clustering algorithm, which aims to partition a set of data points into ''k'' distinct clusters, where each data point belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean. The k-median algorithm, on the other hand, seeks to minimize the sum of distan...")
15:46, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page K-means (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== In the field of machine learning and data analysis, '''k-means''' is an unsupervised clustering algorithm that partitions a dataset into '''k''' distinct clusters. The algorithm aims to minimize the sum of squared distances between the data points and the centroids of their corresponding clusters. It is widely used for a variety of applications such as pattern recognition, image segmentation, and customer segmentation....")
15:46, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Convex optimization (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Convex optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization that deals with the minimization (or maximization) of convex functions over convex sets. In the context of machine learning, convex optimization plays a crucial role in finding the best model parameters, given a particular training dataset and a loss function. This field has gained significant attention in recent years, as it provides reliable and efficient...")
15:45, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Convex function (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Definition== A '''convex function''' is a type of function that has particular mathematical properties, which are especially useful in the field of machine learning. Formally, a function ''f'' : ''R^n'' → ''R'' is called convex if, for all points ''x'' and ''y'' in its domain and for any scalar ''t'' in the range of 0 ≤ ''t'' ≤ 1, the following inequality holds: f(tx + (1 - t)y) ≤ tf(x) + (1 - t)f(y) This property ensur...")
15:45, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Convenience sampling (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Convenience sampling, also known as opportunity sampling or accidental sampling, is a non-probability sampling method utilized in various fields, including machine learning and statistics. It involves selecting a sample based on its accessibility and ease of collection, rather than following a random sampling process. Despite its limitations, convenience sampling can serve as a useful preliminary step for exploratory r...")
15:45, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Confirmation bias (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Definition== Confirmation bias in machine learning refers to the phenomenon where a learning algorithm tends to prioritize or overfit data that confirms its pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses, while ignoring or underfitting data that contradicts them. This type of bias may arise from various sources, such as biased training data, biased model initialization, or biased model architectures. The existence of confirmation bias in machine...")
15:45, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Collaborative filtering (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Collaborative filtering (CF) is a widely-used technique in the field of machine learning, specifically in the domain of recommendation systems. It leverages the behavior or preferences of users within a community to make personalized recommendations for individual users. Collaborative filtering can be broadly categorized into two main approaches: user-based and item-based collaborative filtering. ==User-based Collabor...")
15:45, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Co-adaptation (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Co-adaptation in Machine Learning== Co-adaptation is a phenomenon in machine learning that occurs when a model becomes too reliant on certain features or training examples, leading to a decrease in generalization performance. This article provides an overview of co-adaptation in the context of machine learning, its implications, and methods for mitigating its effects. ===Definition and Causes=== In machine learning, co-adaptation re...")
15:45, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Checkpoint (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Definition== In machine learning, a '''checkpoint''' refers to a snapshot of the current state of a model during the training process. Checkpoints are primarily used for saving the model's weights and architecture, and sometimes additional information such as learning rates and optimizer states, at regular intervals or after a specified number of iterations. This allows the training process to be resumed from a previous state in...")
15:44, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Candidate sampling (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Candidate Sampling in Machine Learning== Candidate sampling is a method used in machine learning, particularly in the context of training large-scale models. It is an optimization technique that reduces the computational complexity of learning algorithms by approximating the gradient of the loss function. In this section, we will explore the concept of candidate sampling, its motivation, and its applications in machine learning. ===...")
15:44, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Candidate generation (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Candidate Generation in Machine Learning== Candidate generation is a critical process in machine learning (ML) that involves identifying a set of potential solutions, or "candidates," to solve a specific problem. This process is commonly used in various ML tasks, such as recommender systems, pattern mining, and search algorithms. The main goal of candidate generation is to efficiently explore the solution space and reduce...")
15:44, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Calibration layer (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Calibration Layer in Machine Learning== Calibration is a crucial aspect of machine learning, specifically in the context of probabilistic models. The calibration layer refers to an additional component in a machine learning model designed to adjust the predicted probabilities so that they better match the true probabilities of the outcomes. This article discusses the concept of calibration in machine learning, its importance, and the...")
15:44, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Broadcasting (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Broadcasting in Machine Learning== Broadcasting is a fundamental concept in machine learning, particularly in the context of linear algebra operations and array manipulation. It is used to perform element-wise operations on arrays of different shapes and dimensions without the need for explicit loops or reshaping, making it both computationally efficient and memory efficient. Broadcasting is widely implemented in various machine lear...")
15:44, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Boosting (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Boosting is an ensemble technique in machine learning that aims to improve the predictive accuracy of a model by combining the outputs of multiple weak learners. The concept of boosting was first introduced by Schapire (1990) and Freund (1995), who later developed the widely used algorithm AdaBoost (Adaptive Boosting) with Schapire in 1997. Boosting algorithms work by iteratively adjusting the weights of data point...")
15:44, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Bias (math) or bias term (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Definition== In the context of Machine Learning, '''bias''' is a term used to describe the systematic error that a learning algorithm may have when trying to predict the true underlying relationship between input features and output targets. The '''bias term''', also known as the '''intercept''' or simply '''bias''', is a constant value added to the prediction function of a model, usually denoted as ''b'' or ''w₀'', which helps...")
15:43, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Batch normalization (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Batch normalization (BN) is a widely-used technique in machine learning and deep learning that helps to stabilize and accelerate the training of deep neural networks. It was first introduced by Sergey Ioffe and Christian Szegedy in their 2015 paper titled "Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift" 1. The primary goal of batch normalization is to address th...")
15:43, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Baseline (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Definition== In machine learning, the term '''baseline''' refers to a simple or naïve model that serves as a reference point against which the performance of more sophisticated models is compared. Establishing a baseline is essential in machine learning tasks, as it provides a starting point to measure the improvement achieved by more advanced techniques. Baselines can be established using simple statistical measures, random cho...")
15:43, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Average precision (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== '''Average precision''' is a widely used evaluation metric in the field of machine learning and information retrieval. It measures the effectiveness of an algorithm in retrieving relevant instances within a ranked list of items. This metric is particularly useful in scenarios where the list of items contains a large number of irrelevant items, such as in search engines and recommender systems. In this article, we w...")
15:43, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Cloud TPU (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Cloud TPU (Tensor Processing Unit) is a specialized hardware accelerator designed by Google for machine learning tasks, specifically tailored to accelerate the training and inference of TensorFlow models. It was introduced in 2017 and has since become an integral part of Google's Cloud Platform for researchers, developers, and businesses that require powerful and efficient processing capabilities for th...")
15:43, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Bayesian optimization (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== Bayesian optimization is a global optimization technique in the field of machine learning, primarily used for hyperparameter tuning and expensive black-box optimization problems. The approach is based on the principles of Bayesian inference, where prior knowledge is updated with observed data to make better predictions about the unknown function. Bayesian optimization has been widely used in various applications, inclu...")
15:43, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Bayesian neural network (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Introduction== A '''Bayesian neural network''' (BNN) is a probabilistic model in the field of machine learning that combines the flexibility and learning capabilities of artificial neural networks (ANNs) with the principles of Bayesian inference to make predictions and perform decision-making under uncertainty. BNNs extend ANNs by incorporating probability distributions over the weights and biases, enabling the network to...")
12:25, 19 March 2023 Walle talk contribs created page Vanishing gradient problem (Created page with "{{see also|Machine learning terms}} ==Vanishing Gradient Problem== The '''vanishing gradient problem''' is a significant challenge encountered in training deep neural networks, particularly in the context of backpropagation and gradient-based optimization algorithms. It arises due to the exponential decay of gradients as they are back-propagated through the layers, which results in very slow learning or, in some cases, no learning at all. This issue has hinde...")