Acronyms

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A*		A* Search Algorithm
A/B Testing		A statistical method for comparing two or more treatments or algorithms
A3C		Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic
ABAC		Attribute-Based Access Control
ACE		Alternating conditional expectation algorithm
ACO		Ant Colony Optimization
AdA		Adaptive Agent
Adam		Adaptive Moment Estimation
ADASYN		Adaptive Synthetic Sampling
ADT		Automatic Drum Transcription
AE		Autoencoder
AGC		Adaptive Gradient Clipping
AGI		Artificial general intelligence
AI		Artificial intelligence
AIaaS		Artificial Intelligence as a Service
AIWPSO		Adaptive Inertia Weight Particle Swarm Optimization
AL		Active Learning
AM		Activation maximization
AMR		Abstract Meaning Representation
AMT		Automatic Music Transcription
ANI		Artificial Narrow Intelligence
ANN		Artificial neural network
ANOVA		Analysis of variance
API		Application Programming Interface
AR		Augmented reality
ARNN		Anticipation Recurrent Neural Network
ASI		Artificial superintelligence
ASIC		Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
ASR		Automatic speech recognition
AST		Automated speech translation
AUC		Area Under the Curve
AutoML		Automated Machine Learning
BB84		A quantum key distribution protocol (named after its inventors, Bennett and Brassard, and the year 1984)
BBO		Biogeography-Based Optimization
BCE		Binary cross-entropy
BDT		Boosted Decision Tree
BERT		Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers
BFS		Breadth-First Search
BI		Business Intelligence
BiFPN		Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network
BILSTM		Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory
BLEU		Bilingual evaluation understudy
BN		Bayesian Network
BNN		Bayesian Neural Network
BO		Bayesian Optimization
BP		Backpropagation
BPE		Byte Pair Encoding
BPMF		Bayesian Probabilistic Matrix Factorization
BPN		Backpropagation Neural Network
BPTT		Backpropagation through time
BQML		Big Query Machine Learning
BR		Best-Response (in game theory)
BRDF		Bidirectional reflectance distribution function
BRNN		Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network
BRR		Bayesian ridge regression
CAD		Computer-Aided Design
CAE		Contractive Autoencoder
CALA		Continuous Action-set Learning Automata
CAM		Computer-Aided Manufacturing
CAPTCHA		Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart
CART		Classification And Regression Tree
CASE		Computer-Aided Software Engineering
CatBoost		Categorical Boosting
CAV		Concept Activation Vectors
CBAC		Content-Based Access Control
CBI		Counterfactual Bias Insertion
CBOW		Continuous Bag of Words
CBR		Case-Based Reasoning
CCA		Canonical Correlation Analysis
CCC		Canonical Correlation Coefficients
CCE		Categorical cross-entropy
CDBN		Convolutional Deep Belief Networks
CE		Cross-Entropy
CEC		Constant Error Carousel
CEGAR		Counterexample-Guided Abstraction Refinement
CEGIS		Counterexample-Guided Inductive Synthesis
CF		Common Features
cGAN		Conditional Generative Adversarial Network
CL		Confident learning
CLIP		Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training
CLNN		ConditionaL Neural Networks
CMA		Covariance Matrix Adaptation
CMA-ES		Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy
CMAC		Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller
CMMs		Conditional Markov Model
CNN		Convolutional neural network
COIN-OR		Computational Infrastructure for Operations Research
ConvNet		Convolutional Neural Network
COT		Chain of Thought
COTE		Collective of Transformation-Based Ensembles
COTP		Chain of Thought Prompting
CP		Constraint Programming
CPLEX		An optimization solver (from "C" programming language and "simplex")
CPN		Colored Petri Nets
CRBM		Conditional Restricted Boltzmann Machine
CRF		Conditional Random Field
CRFs		Conditional Random Fields
CRNN		Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network
CSLR		Continuous Sign Language Recognition
CSP		Constraint Satisfaction Problem
CSV		Comma-separated values
CT-LSTM		Convolutional Transformer Long Short-Term Memory
CTC		Connectionist Temporal Classification
CTR		Collaborative Topic Regression
CUDA		Compute Unified Device Architecture
CV		Computer Vision, Cross validation, Coefficient of variation
Cyc		CycL and OpenCyc, a knowledge representation and reasoning system
D*		Dynamic A* Search Algorithm
DAAF		Data Augmentation and Auxiliary Feature
DaaS		Data as a Service
DAE		Denoising AutoEncoder or Deep AutoEncoder
DAML		DARPA Agent Markup Language
DART		Disturbance Aware Regression Tree
DBM		Deep Boltzmann Machine
DBN		Deep belief network
DBSCAN		Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise
DCAI		Data-centric AI
DCGAN		Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network
DCMDN		Deep Convolutional Mixture Density Network
DDPG		Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient
DE		Differential evolution
DeconvNet		DeConvolutional Neural Network
DeepLIFT		Deep Learning Important FeaTures
DFS		Depth-First Search
DL		Deep learning
DM		Diffusion model
DNN		Deep neural network
DP		Dynamic Programming
DQN		Deep Q-Learning
DR		Detection Rate
DRL		Deep Reinforcement Learning
DS		Data Science
DSN		Deep Stacking Network
DSR		Deep Symbolic Reinforcement Learning
DSS		Decision Support System
DSW		Data Stream Warehousing
DT		Decision Tree
DTD		Deep Taylor Decomposition
DWT		Discrete Wavelet Transform
EDA		Exploratory data analysis
EKF		Extended Kalman Filter
ELECTRA		Efficiently Learning an Encoder that Classifies Token Replacements Accurately
ELM		Extreme Learning Machine
ELMo		Embeddings from Language Models
ELU		Exponential Linear Unit
EM		Expectation maximization
EMD		Entropy Minimization Discretization
ERNIE		Enhanced Representation through kNowledge IntEgration
ES		Evolution Strategies
ESN		Echo State Network
ETL		Extract, Transform, Load
ETL Pipeline		Extract Transform Load Pipeline
EXT		Extremely Randomized Trees
F1		F1 Score (harmonic mean of precision and recall)
F1 Score		Harmonic Precision-Recall Mean
FALA		Finite Action-set Learning Automata
Fast R-CNN		Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network
FC		Fully-Connected
FC-CNN		Fully Convolutional Convolutional Neural Network
FC-LSTM		Fully Connected Long Short-Term Memory
FCM		Fuzzy C-Means
FCN		Fully Convolutional Network
FER		Facial Expression Recognition
FFT		Fast Fourier transform
FL		Federated Learning
FLOP		Floating Point Operations
FLOPS		Floating Point Operations Per Second
FM		Foundation model
FN		False negative
FNN		Feedforward Neural Network
FNR		False negative rate
FOAF		Friend of a Friend (ontology)
FP		False positive
FPGA		Field-Programmable Gate Array
FPN		Feature Pyramid Network
FPR		False positive rate
FST		Finite state transducer
FTL		Few-Shot Learning
FWA		Fireworks Algorithm
FWIoU		Frequency Weighted Intersection over Union
GA		Genetic Algorithm
GALE		Global Aggregations of Local Explanations
GAM		Generalized Additive Model
GAN		Generative Adversarial Network
GAP		Global Average Pooling
GBDT		Gradient Boosted Decision Tree
GBM		Gradient Boosting Machine
GBRCN		Gradient-Boosting Random Convolutional Network
GD		Gradient descent
GEBI		Global Explanation for Bias Identification
GFNN		Gradient frequency neural network
GLCM		Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix
GLM		Generalized Linear Model
GLOM		A neural network architecture by Geoffrey Hinton
Gloss2Text		A task of transforming raw glosses into meaningful sentences.
GloVE		Global Vectors
GLPK		GNU Linear Programming Kit
GLUE		General Language Understanding Evaluation
GMM		Gaussian mixture model
GP		Genetic Programming
GPR		Gaussian process regression
GPT		Generative Pre-Training
GPU		Graphics processing unit
GradCAM		GRADient-weighted Class Activation Mapping
GRU		Gated recurrent unit
Gurobi		An optimization solver (named after its founders, Zonghao Gu, Edward Rothberg, and Robert Bixby)
HamNoSys		Hamburg Sign Language Notation System
HAN		Hierarchical Attention Networks
HC		Hierarchical Clustering
HCA		Hierarchical Clustering Analysis
HDP		Hierarchical Dirichlet process
HF		Hugging Face
HHDS		HipHop Dataset
hLDA		Hierarchical Latent Dirichlet allocation
HMM		Hidden Markov Model
HNN		Hopfield Neural Network
HOG		Histogram of Oriented Gradients (feature descriptor)
Hopfield		Hopfield Network
HPC		High Performance Computing
HRED		Hierarchical Recurrent Encoder-Decoder
HRI		Human-Robot Interaction
HSMM		Hidden Semi-Markov Model
HTM		Hierarchical Temporal Memory
i.i.d		Independent and Identically Distributed
i.i.d.		Independently and identically distributed
IaaS		Infrastructure as a Service
ICA		Independent component analysis
ICP		Iterative Closest Point (point cloud registration)
ID3		Iterative Dichotomiser 3
IDA*		Iterative Deepening A* Search Algorithm
IDR		Input dependence rate
IG		Invariant Generation
IID		Independently and identically distributed
IIR		Input independence rate
ILASP		Inductive Learning of Answer Set Programs
ILP		Integer Linear Programming
INFD		Explanation Infidelity
IoA		Internet of Agents
IoE		Internet of Everything
IoT		Internet of Things
IoU		Jaccard index (intersection over union)
IR		Information Retrieval
IRCoT		Interleaving Retrieval CoT
ISIC		International Skin Imaging Collaboration
IVR		Interactive Voice Response
K-Means		K-Means Clustering
KB		Knowledge Base
KDE		Kernel Density Estimation
KF		Kalman Filter
kFCV		K-fold cross validation
KL		Kullback Leibler (KL) divergence
KNN		K-nearest neighbors
KR		Knowledge Representation
KRR		Kernel Ridge Regression
LAION		Large-scale Artificial Intelligence Open Network
LAMA		LAnguage Model Analysis
LaMDA		Language Models for Dialog Applications
LBP		Local Binary Pattern (texture descriptor)
LDA		Latent Dirichlet Allocation
LDADE		Latent Dirichlet Allocation Differential Evolution
LEPOR		Language Evaluation Portal
LightGBM		Light Gradient Boosting Machine
LIME		Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations
LINGO		A software for linear, nonlinear, and integer optimization
LLM		Large language model
LLS		Linear least squares
LMNN		Large Margin Nearest Neighbor
LoLM		Lots of Little Models
LP		Linear Programming
LPAQA		Language model Prompt And Query Archive
LRP		Layer-wise Relevance Propagation
LSA		Latent semantic analysis
LSI		Latent Semantic Indexing
LSTM		Long short-term memory
LSTM-CRF		Long Short-Term Memory with Conditional Random Field
LTR		Learning To Rank
LVQ		Learning Vector Quantization
M2M		Machine to Machine
MADE		Masked Autoencoder for Distribution Estimation
MAE		Mean absolute error
MAF		Masked Autoregressive Flows
MAIRL		Multi-Agent Inverse Reinforcement Learning
MAP		Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) Estimation
MAPE		Mean absolute percentage error
MARL		Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
MART		Multiple Additive Regression Tree
MaxEnt		Maximum Entropy
MAXSAT		Maximum Satisfiability Problem
MCLNN		Masked ConditionaL Neural Networks
MCMC		Markov Chain Monte Carlo
MCS		Model contrast score
MCTS		Monte Carlo Tree Search
MDL		Minimum description length (MDL) principle
MDN		Mixture Density Network
MDP		Markov Decision Process
MDRNN		Multidimensional recurrent neural network
MER		Music Emotion Recognition
METEOR		Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit ORdering
MIL		Multiple Instance Learning
MILP		Mixed-Integer Linear Programming
MINT		Mutual Information based Transductive Feature Selection
MIoU		Mean Intersection over Union
MIP		Mixed-Integer Programming
ML		Machine learning
MLaaS		Machine Learning as a Service
MLE		Maximum Likelihood Estimation
MLLM		Multimodal large language model
MLM		Music Language Models
MLP		Multi-Layer Perceptron
MMI		Maximum Mutual Information
MNIST		Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology
MOEA		Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm
MPA		Mean Pixel Accuracy
MR		Mixed Reality
MRF		Markov Random Field
MRR		Mean Reciprocal Rank
MRS		Music Recommender System
MSDAE		Modified Sparse Denoising Autoencoder
MSE		Mean squared error
MSR		Music Style Recognition
MTL		Multi-Task Learning
NARX		Nonlinear AutoRegressive with eXogenous input (neural network model)
NAS		Neural Architecture Search
NB		Na ̈ıve Bayes
NBKE		Na ̈ıve Bayes with Kernel Estimation
NDCG		Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain
NE		Nash Equilibrium (in game theory)
NEAT		NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies
NER		Named entity recognition
NERQ		Named Entity Recognition in Query
NEST		Neural Simulation Tool
NF		Normalizing Flow
NFL		No Free Lunch (NFL) theorem
NISQ		Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (quantum computing)
NLG		Natural Language Generation
NLP		Natural Language Processing
NLT		Neural Machine Translation
NLU		Natural Language Understanding
NMF		Non-negative matrix factorization
NMS		Non Maximum Suppression
NMT		Neural Machine Translation
NN		Neural network
NNMODFF		Neural Network based Multi-Onset Detection Function Fusion
NPE		Neural Physical Engine
NRMSE		Normalized RMSE
NSGA-II		Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II
NST		Neural style transfer
NTM		Neural Turing Machine
NuSVC		Nu-Support Vector Classification
NuSVR		Nu-Support Vector Regression
OBM		One Big Model
OCR		Optical character recognition
OD		Object Detection
ODF		Onset Detection Function
OIL		Ontology Inference Layer
OLR		Ordinary Linear Regression
OLS		Ordinary Least Squares
OMNeT++		Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++
OMR		Optical Mark Recognition
OOF		Out-of-fold
ORB		Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF (feature descriptor)
OWL		Web Ontology Language
PA		Pixel Accuracy
PaaS		Platform as a Service
PACO		Poisson Additive Co-Clustering
PaLM		Pathways Language Model
PBAC		Policy-Based Access Control
PCA		Principal component analysis
PCL		Point Cloud Library (3D perception)
PECS		Physics Engine for Collaborative Simulation
PEGASUS		Pre-training with Extracted Gap-Sentences for Abstractive Summarization
PF		Particle Filter
PFE		Probabilistic facial embedding
PLSI		Probabilistic Latent Semantic Indexing
PM		Project Manager
PMF		Probabilistic Matrix Factorization
PMI		Pointwise Mutual Information
PNN		Probabilistic Neural Network
POC		Proof of Concept
POMDP		Partially Observable Markov Decision Process
POS		Part of Speech (POS) Tagging
POT		Partially Observable Tree (decision-making under uncertainty)
PPL		Perplexity (a measure of language model performance)
PPMI		Positive Pointwise Mutual Information
PPO		Proximal Policy Optimization
PReLU		Parametric Rectified Linear Unit-Yor Topic Modeling
PRM		Probabilistic Roadmap (motion planning algorithm)
PSO		Particle Swarm Optimization
PU		Positive Unlabaled
PYTM		Pitman
QA		Question Answering
QAOA		Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm
QAP		Quadratic Assignment Problem
QEC		Quantum Error Correction
QFT		Quantum Fourier Transform
QIP		Quantum Information Processing
QKD		Quantum Key Distribution
QML		Quantum Machine Learning
QNN		Quantum Neural Network
QP		Quadratic Programming
QPE		Quantum Phase Estimation
R-CNN		Region-based Convolutional Neural Network
R2		R-squared
RandNN		Random Neural Network
RANSAC		RANdom SAmple Consensus
RBAC		Rule-Based Access Control
RBF		Radial Basis Function
RBFNN		Radial Basis Function Neural Network
RBM		Restricted Boltzmann Machine
RDF		Resource Description Framework
ReAct		Reason + Act
REALM		Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Training
ReCAPTCHA		Reverse CAPTCHA
ReLU		Rectified Linear Unit
REPTree		Reduced Error Pruning Tree
RETRO		Retrieval Enhanced Transformer
RF		Random forest
RFE		Recursive Feature Elimination
RGB		Red Green Blue color model
RICNN		Rotation Invariant Convolutional Neural Network
RIM		Recurrent Interence Machines
RIPPER		Repeated Incremental Pruning to Produce Error Reduction
RISE		Random Interval Spectral Ensemble
RL		Reinforcement learning
RLFM		Regression based latent factors
RLHF		Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback
RMSE		Root mean squared error
RMSLE		Root mean squared logarithmic error
RMSprop		Root Mean Square Propagation
RNN		Recurrent neural network
RNNLM		Recurrent Neural Network Language Model (RNNLM)
RoBERTa		Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach
ROC		Receiver operating characteristic
ROI		Region Of Interest
ROS		Robot Operating System
ROUGE		Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation (NLP metric)
RPA		Robotic Process Automation
RR		Ridge Regression
RRT		Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (motion planning algorithm)
RSI		Recursive self-improvement
RTRL		Real-Time Recurrent Learning
SA		Simulated Annealing, Segment Anything
SAM		Segment Anything Model
SaaS		Software as a Service
SAC		Soft Actor-Critic
SAE		Stacked AE
SARSA		State-Action-Reward-State-Action
SAT		Satisfiability Problem
SBAC		Situation-Based Access Control
SBM		Stochastic block model
SBO		Structured Bayesian optimization
SBSE		Search-based software engineering
SCH		Stochastic convex hull
SCIP		Solving Constraint Integer Programs
SDAE		Stacked DAE
seq2seq		Sequence to Sequence Learning
SER		Sentence Error Rate
SGBoost		Stochastic Gradient Boosting
SGD		Stochastic gradient descent
SGVB		Stochastic Gradient Variational Bayes
SHAP		SHapley Additive exPlanation
SHLLE		Supervised Hessian Locally Linear Embedding
SIFT		Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (feature detection)
Sign2(Gloss+Text)		Sign to Gloss and Text
Sign2Gloss		A one to one translation from the single sign to the single gloss.
Sign2Text		A task of full translation from the sign language into the spoken one
SL		Supervised learning
SLAM		Simultaneous Localization and Mapping
SLDS		Switching Linear Dynamical System
SLP		Single-Layer Perceptron
SLRT		Sign Language Recognition Transformer
SLT		Sign Language Translation
SLTT		Sign Language Translation Transformer
SMA*		Simplified Memory-bounded A* Search Algorithm
SMBO		Sequential Model-Based Optimization
SMO		Sequential Minimal Optimization
SMOTE		Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique
SNN		Sparse Neural Network
SOM		Self-Organizing Map
SOTA		State of the Art
SPARQL		SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language
Spiking NN		Spiking Neural Network
SPM		SentencePiece Model (subword tokenization)
SpRay		Spectral Relevance Analysis
SSD		Single-Shot Detector
SSL		Self-Supervised Learning
SSVM		Smooth support vector machine
ST		Style transfer
STaR		Self-Taught Reasoner
STDA		Style Transfer Data Augmentation
STDP		Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity
STL		Selt-Taught Learning
SUMO		Simulation of Urban Mobility
SURF		Speeded-Up Robust Features (feature detection)
SVC		Support Vector Classification
SVD		Singing Voice Detection
SVM		Support vector machine
SVR		Support Vector Regression
SVS		Singing Voice Separation
SWI-Prolog		Semantic Web Interface for Prolog
t-SNE		t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding
T5		Text-To-Text Transfer Transformer
TD		Temporal Difference
TDA		Targeted Data Augmentation
TDE		Time Domain Ensemble
tf-idf		term frequency–inverse document frequency
TGAN		Temporal Generative Adversarial Network
THAID		THeta Automatic Interaction Detection
TINT		Tree-Interpreter
TL		Transfer Learning
TLFN		Time-Lagged Feedforward Neural Network
TN		True negative
TNR		True negative rate
ToM		Theory of Mind
TP		True positive
TPOT		Tree-based Pipeline Optimization Tool
TPR		True positive rate
TPU		Tensor Processing Unit
TRPO		Trust Region Policy Optimization
TS		Tabu Search
TSF		Time Series Forest
TSP		Traveling Salesman Problem
TTS		Text-to-Speech
UCT		Upper Confidence bounds applied to Trees (Monte Carlo Tree Search variant)
UDA		Unsupervised Data Augmentation
UKF		Unscented Kalman Filter
UL		Unsupervised learning
ULMFiT		Universal Language Model Fine-Tuning
UMAP		Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection
USM		Universal Speech Model
V-Net		Volumetric Convolutional neural network
VAD		Voice Activity Detection
VAE		Variational AutoEncoder
VGG		Visual Geometry Group
VHRED		Variational Hierarchical Recurrent Encoder-Decoder
VISSIM		A traffic simulation software (from "Verkehr In Städten
ViT		Vision Transformer
VPNN		Vector Product Neural Network
VQ-VAE		Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoders
VQE		Variational Quantum Eigensolver
VR		Virtual reality
VRP		Vehicle Routing Problem
VUI		Voice User Interface
WCSP		Weighted Constraint Satisfaction Problem
WER		Word Error Rate
WFST		Weighted finite-state transducer (WFST)
WGAN		Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network
WMA		Weighted Majority Algorithm
WPE		Weighted Prediction Error
XAI		Explainable Artificial Intelligence
XGBoost		eXtreme Gradient Boosting
XOR		Exclusive OR (a common problem in neural networks)
YOLO		You Only Look Once
ZSL		Zero-Shot Learning