GeoBench

GeoBench
Overview
Full name	Geospatial Benchmarks Collection
Abbreviation	GeoBench
Description	A family of benchmarks evaluating AI models on geospatial reasoning, earth monitoring, and geographic localization tasks
Release date	2023-06
Latest version	Multiple variants
Benchmark updated	2024-11
Authors	CCMDI Team, ServiceNow Research, Muhammad Sohail Danish, Alexandre Lacoste, Yoshua Bengio, And others
Organization	CCMDI, ServiceNow Research, The AI Alliance, AIM UofA
Technical Details
Type	Geospatial Reasoning, Earth Monitoring, Visual Geolocation
Modality	Vision, Text, Multimodal
Task format	Classification, Segmentation, Localization, Detection
Number of tasks	Varies by variant (12+ for GEO-Bench, 31 for GEOBench-VLM)
Total examples	10,000+ (GEOBench-VLM), 100-500 (CCMDI GeoBench)
Evaluation metric	Geographic distance, Country accuracy, Classification accuracy, IoU
Domains	Geography, Remote sensing, Urban planning, Environmental monitoring, Disaster response
Languages	English, Multilingual (sign reading)
Performance
Human performance	2,109.4 average (GeoGuessr), 4,579.4 expert
Baseline	Varies by task
SOTA score	2,268.97 (CCMDI), 41.72% (VLM)
SOTA model	Claude-3.5-Sonnet (CCMDI), LLaVA-OneVision (VLM)
SOTA date	2024-11
Saturated	No
Resources
Website	Official website
Paper	Paper
GitHub	Repository
Dataset	Download
License	MIT (CCMDI), Apache-2.0 (ServiceNow)

GeoBench is a comprehensive family of artificial intelligence benchmarks designed to evaluate models on geospatial reasoning, earth monitoring, and geographic localization tasks. The GeoBench ecosystem encompasses multiple distinct but related benchmarks, each targeting different aspects of geospatial intelligence: the CCMDI GeoBench for GeoGuessr-style visual geolocation, ServiceNow's GEO-Bench for earth observation foundation models, and GEOBench-VLM for comprehensive vision-language model evaluation on geospatial tasks.

Overview

The GeoBench family addresses critical gaps in AI evaluation for geospatial applications, ranging from consumer-facing tasks like location guessing to professional applications in urban planning, environmental monitoring, and disaster response. These benchmarks reveal that while modern AI systems have made remarkable progress in language and vision tasks, they still struggle significantly with spatial reasoning and geographic understanding, capabilities that humans develop naturally through experience with the physical world.

Significance

GeoBench benchmarks are particularly important because:

• They evaluate real-world applicable skills crucial for autonomous systems, remote sensing, and geographic information systems
• They expose fundamental limitations in current AI's spatial reasoning capabilities
• They provide standardized evaluation protocols for an increasingly important application domain
• They bridge the gap between academic research and practical geospatial applications

GeoBench Variants

CCMDI GeoBench (GeoGuessr Benchmark)

The CCMDI GeoBench evaluates large language models and vision models on their ability to geolocate images using a GeoGuessr-inspired framework.

Task Description

Models are presented with street-level or ground-level photographs and must: 1. Identify the country where the image was taken 2. Provide precise latitude and longitude coordinates 3. Integrate multiple visual cues including:

  * Vegetation and climate indicators
  * Architectural styles
  * Infrastructure characteristics
  * Visible text in various scripts
  * Road markings and signage

Evaluation Methodology

Metric	Description	Scoring
**Geographic Distance**	Kilometers from true location	Points decrease with distance
**Country Accuracy**	Correct country identification	Binary score
**Combined Score**	Weighted combination	Maximum 5,000 points per image

Performance Results (2024)

Rank	Model	Average Score	Best Score	Worst Score
1	Claude-3.5-Sonnet	2,268.97	5,000	0
2	GPT-4V	2,145.32	5,000	0
3	Gemini-1.5-Pro	2,087.54	5,000	0
-	Human Average	2,109.40	-	-
-	Human Expert	4,579.40	-	-

ServiceNow GEO-Bench

ServiceNow's GEO-Bench focuses on foundation models for earth monitoring applications.

Technical Specifications

Aspect	Details
**Tasks**	6 classification + 6 segmentation tasks
**Data Volume**	~65 GB compressed
**Modalities**	Multispectral satellite imagery
**Baseline Models**	20 models evaluated
**Python Support**	3.9+
**Installation**	`pip install geobench`

Task Categories

Category	Example Tasks	Application
**Land Use Classification**	Urban vs. rural identification	Urban planning
**Vegetation Monitoring**	Forest type classification	Environmental protection
**Water Body Detection**	Lake and river segmentation	Water resource management
**Agricultural Analysis**	Crop type identification	Food security
**Disaster Assessment**	Flood extent mapping	Emergency response
**Infrastructure Monitoring**	Road network extraction	Transportation planning

GEOBench-VLM

GEOBench-VLM provides comprehensive evaluation of vision-language models on geospatial tasks.

Scale and Scope

• **Instructions**: Over 10,000 manually verified
• **Categories**: 8 broad categories
• **Sub-tasks**: 31 distinct evaluation types
• **Models Evaluated**: 13 state-of-the-art VLMs

Task Taxonomy

Main Category	Sub-tasks	Complexity
**Scene Understanding**	Classification, description, analysis	Low-Medium
**Object Counting**	Small to large-scale counting	Medium-High
**Detection**	Tiny to large object detection	High
**Localization**	Spatial reasoning, georeferencing	High
**Segmentation**	Semantic and instance segmentation	High
**Temporal Analysis**	Change detection, time series	Very High
**Damage Assessment**	Disaster impact evaluation	High
**Fine-grained Recognition**	Species, vehicle type identification	Medium

Current Performance (2024)

Rank	Model	Accuracy	Gap to Random
1	LLaVA-OneVision	41.72%	+16.72%
2	GPT-4o	41.14%	+16.14%
3	Qwen2-VL	40.25%	+15.25%
4	Claude-3.5-Sonnet	39.87%	+14.87%
5	Gemini-1.5-Pro	38.92%	+13.92%
-	Random Baseline	25.00%	-

Technical Implementation

Data Collection and Curation

The GeoBench benchmarks employ various data sources:

Benchmark	Data Source	Collection Method
CCMDI GeoBench	GeoGuessr community maps	Crowdsourced gameplay
GEO-Bench	Satellite imagery providers	Professional curation
GEOBench-VLM	Multiple geospatial datasets	Academic aggregation

Evaluation Framework

```python

1. Example usage of CCMDI GeoBench

from geobench import GeoGuesserEvaluator

evaluator = GeoGuesserEvaluator() result = evaluator.evaluate(

   model=my_model,
   test_set="community_world",
   num_images=100,
   temperature=0.4

)

1. ServiceNow GEO-Bench usage

import geobench geobench.download() # Downloads ~65GB dataset

from geobench import TaskLoader loader = TaskLoader() train_data = loader.load_task("land_cover_classification", split="train") ```

Scoring Methodology

Each GeoBench variant uses task-appropriate scoring:

1. **Distance-based** (CCMDI): Haversine distance calculation 2. **Accuracy-based** (GEOBench-VLM): Standard classification metrics 3. **IoU-based** (GEO-Bench segmentation): Intersection over Union

Key Findings and Insights

Spatial Reasoning Limitations

All GeoBench variants reveal fundamental limitations in current AI systems:

Challenge	Description	Impact
**Scale Variation**	Difficulty handling different zoom levels	Poor generalization
**Temporal Reasoning**	Cannot track changes over time	Limited monitoring capability
**Spatial Relations**	Struggle with relative positioning	Navigation errors
**Cultural Context**	Miss region-specific cues	Reduced accuracy
**Multimodal Integration**	Poor text-vision alignment	Information loss

Performance Gaps

• **Human vs. AI**: Expert humans achieve 2x better scores on geolocation tasks
• **Random Baseline**: VLMs only 15-17% above random on complex geospatial tasks
• **Cross-domain Transfer**: Models trained on general datasets perform poorly on geospatial data

Applications and Use Cases

Real-World Applications

Domain	Application	GeoBench Relevance
**Urban Planning**	City development optimization	Land use classification
**Agriculture**	Crop yield prediction	Vegetation monitoring
**Disaster Response**	Damage assessment	Temporal change detection
**Environmental Protection**	Deforestation tracking	Multi-temporal analysis
**Navigation**	Autonomous vehicle routing	Spatial reasoning
**Intelligence**	Geospatial analysis	Object detection and counting

Research Impact

GeoBench has influenced several research directions: 1. Development of geospatial-specific foundation models 2. Improved multimodal architectures for spatial reasoning 3. Novel training strategies for geographic understanding 4. Benchmark-driven improvements in earth observation models

Related Benchmarks

Complementary Evaluations

Benchmark	Focus	Relationship to GeoBench
GeoBenchX	Multi-step geospatial tasks	Extended reasoning chains
Spatial457	6D spatial reasoning	Fine-grained spatial understanding
WorldQA	Geographic knowledge QA	Factual knowledge complement
SatlasPretrain	Satellite image pretraining	Foundation model development
EarthNet2021	Earth surface forecasting	Temporal prediction focus

Limitations and Future Directions

Current Limitations

1. **Data Bias**: Over-representation of certain geographic regions 2. **Task Coverage**: Limited evaluation of 3D spatial reasoning 3. **Temporal Dynamics**: Insufficient long-term temporal evaluation 4. **Multimodal Gaps**: Text-vision alignment remains challenging 5. **Computational Cost**: Large-scale evaluation requires significant resources

Future Research Directions

Direction	Description	Potential Impact
**3D Geospatial Tasks**	Include elevation and volumetric analysis	Enhanced spatial understanding
**Real-time Processing**	Streaming data evaluation	Operational applications
**Multi-agent Scenarios**	Collaborative geospatial reasoning	Swarm intelligence
**Cross-lingual Evaluation**	Multilingual geographic understanding	Global applicability
**Uncertainty Quantification**	Confidence estimation in predictions	Reliable deployment

Significance

GeoBench represents a crucial evaluation framework for advancing AI's understanding of the physical world. By revealing the significant gap between human and machine performance in geospatial reasoning, these benchmarks highlight both the progress made and the substantial challenges remaining. As AI systems increasingly interact with the physical world through autonomous vehicles, drones, and robotic systems, the capabilities tested by GeoBench become essential for safe and effective deployment.

The benchmark family's comprehensive coverage, from street-level photography to satellite imagery, from simple classification to complex temporal analysis, ensures that progress on GeoBench translates to real-world improvements in applications ranging from environmental monitoring to urban planning. As foundation models continue to evolve, GeoBench will remain a critical tool for measuring and driving progress in geospatial AI.

See Also

• Geospatial Intelligence
• Remote Sensing
• Earth Observation
• Vision-Language Models
• Foundation Models
• GeoGuessr
• Spatial Reasoning
• Environmental Monitoring