Tau2-bench

τ²-bench
Overview
Full name	Tau-squared Bench: Evaluating Conversational Agents in a Dual-Control Environment
Abbreviation	τ²-bench, Tau2-bench
Description	A simulation framework for evaluating conversational agents in dual-control environments where both agents and users can modify shared world states
Release date	2025-06
Latest version	2.0
Benchmark updated	2025-06
Authors	Victor Barres, Honghua Dong, Soham Ray, Xujie Si, Karthik Narasimhan
Organization	Sierra Research, Sierra.ai
Technical Details
Type	Agent Evaluation, Conversational AI, Multi-agent Interaction
Modality	Text, Tool Use
Task format	Multi-turn dialogue with dual tool control
Number of tasks	Compositionally generated
Total examples	Variable (programmatically generated)
Evaluation metric	Pass^k, Pass^1, Database state comparison
Domains	Airline reservations, Retail customer service, Telecom support
Languages	English
Performance
Human performance	Not specified
Baseline	<50% average (GPT-4o) Property "Baseline score" (as page type) with input value "" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.
SOTA score	81.2% (retail), 58.4% (airline)
SOTA model	Claude 3.7 Sonnet
SOTA date	2025
Saturated	No
Resources
Website	Official website
Paper	Paper
GitHub	Repository
Dataset	Download
License	MIT
Predecessor	τ-bench (2024)

τ²-bench (Tau-squared Bench), also written as Tau2-bench, is a benchmark framework for evaluating conversational agents in dual-control environments where both AI agents and users can actively modify shared world states through tool use. Released in June 2025 by Sierra Research, τ²-bench addresses a critical gap in existing agent evaluation benchmarks by simulating realistic scenarios like technical support where both parties must coordinate actions to achieve shared goals. The benchmark has become a crucial industry standard, with leading models like Claude 3.7 Sonnet achieving only 81.2% on retail tasks and 58.4% on airline tasks, revealing significant challenges in agent-user coordination.

Overview

τ²-bench represents a paradigm shift in evaluating artificial intelligence agents by introducing dual-control environments that mirror real-world interactions. Unlike traditional benchmarks where only the AI agent has access to tools while users remain passive information providers, τ²-bench creates scenarios where both agents and users actively participate in modifying a shared environment. This approach is modeled as a Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP), where both parties have partial observability and must coordinate their actions to achieve common objectives.

The benchmark builds upon its predecessor, τ-bench (released in 2024), by introducing more complex troubleshooting scenarios and expanding into new domains like telecommunications support. By focusing on reliability through its innovative pass^k metric, τ²-bench reveals that even state-of-the-art models show significant performance degradation on repeated attempts, with some models dropping from 61% success on first attempts to just 25% after eight attempts.

Significance

τ²-bench has emerged as a critical evaluation tool for several reasons:

• **Dual-Control Innovation**: First benchmark to test agent-user coordination in shared environments
• **Reliability Focus**: Introduces pass^k metric revealing consistency issues invisible in single-attempt testing
• **Industry Adoption**: Used by Anthropic, OpenAI, and other AI labs for model assessment
• **Real-World Relevance**: Simulates actual customer service scenarios requiring coordination
• **Compositional Complexity**: Programmatic task generation ensures diverse, verifiable scenarios

Framework Architecture

Decentralized Partially Observable MDP

τ²-bench models interactions as a Dec-POMDP with the following components:

Component	Agent	User	Description
**State Space (S)**	Partial view	Partial view	Shared environment state
**Action Space (A)**	Tool calls, responses	Tool calls, information	Both can modify environment
**Observations (O)**	Tool outputs, user messages	Agent responses, environment changes	Limited visibility
**Transition Function**	Deterministic	Deterministic	State changes based on actions
**Reward Function**	Task completion	Task completion	Shared objective

Domain Coverage

The benchmark includes three primary domains with distinct characteristics:

Domain	Scenario Type	Tools Available	Complexity Level
**Airline**	Reservation management, flight changes	Booking systems, customer database	High (policy constraints)
**Retail**	Order processing, returns, support	Inventory, order management	Medium (standard workflows)
**Telecom**	Technical troubleshooting	Diagnostic tools, service management	High (multi-step debugging)
**Mock**	Testing environment	Simplified tool set	Low (development/testing)

Task Generation and Structure

Compositional Task Generator

τ²-bench employs a sophisticated task generation system:

Component	Function	Example
**Atomic Tasks**	Basic operations	"Change flight date", "Process refund"
**Task Composition**	Combine atomic tasks	"Change flight AND update payment"
**Constraint Layer**	Add domain policies	"Require manager approval for refunds >$500"
**Verification**	Ensure solvability	Check all required tools available

Task Complexity Levels

Tasks are categorized by complexity:

Level	Description	Example	Success Rate (GPT-4o)
**Simple**	Single atomic operation	Cancel order	~70%
**Compound**	Multiple coordinated operations	Change flight with refund processing	~45%
**Constrained**	Operations with policy restrictions	Upgrade requiring loyalty status check	~30%
**Troubleshooting**	Multi-step diagnostic procedures	Network connectivity resolution	~25%

Evaluation Methodology

Primary Metrics

τ²-bench introduces sophisticated evaluation metrics:

Metric	Definition	Purpose	Calculation
**pass^1**	Single attempt success rate	Basic performance	Success on first try
**pass^k**	Success with k attempts	Reliability measure	At least one success in k tries
**Consistency Score**	pass^k / pass^1 ratio	Stability indicator	Higher = more consistent
**Coordination Score**	Dual vs no-user mode delta	Coordination ability	Performance difference

Evaluation Modes

The benchmark supports multiple evaluation configurations:

Mode	Description	Use Case	Performance Impact
**Standard**	Agent interacts with simulated user	Primary evaluation	Baseline
**No-User**	Agent given all tools/info upfront	Ablation study	+30-40% performance
**Oracle Plan**	Agent provided optimal action sequence	Upper bound testing	~95% success
**Human-in-Loop**	Real human users	Validation	Variable

Database State Comparison

Final evaluation uses database state verification:

```python

1. Simplified evaluation logic

def evaluate_task(initial_state, final_state, goal_state):

   for key, expected_value in goal_state.items():
       if final_state[key] != expected_value:
           return False
   return True

```

Performance Analysis

Current Leaderboard (2025)

Rank	Model	Retail pass^1	Airline pass^1	Telecom pass^1	Average	Consistency (pass^8)
1	Claude 3.7 Sonnet	81.2%	58.4%	52.1%	63.9%	~75%
2	GPT-4o	61.2%	35.2%	28.5%	41.6%	~25%
3	Gemini 1.5 Pro	58.5%	32.8%	25.3%	38.9%	~20%
4	Claude 3.5 Sonnet	55.3%	30.1%	22.7%	36.0%	~30%
5	GPT-4	48.7%	28.5%	20.1%	32.4%	~15%

Performance Insights

Analysis reveals critical patterns:

Finding	Implication	Impact on Development
**Reliability Gap**	Models inconsistent across attempts	Need for robustness training
**Coordination Challenge**	30-40% drop in dual-control	Improved multi-agent reasoning required
**Domain Variance**	Retail easier than airline/telecom	Domain-specific optimization needed
**Policy Adherence**	Frequent policy violations	Better constraint understanding required

Technical Implementation

Installation and Setup

τ²-bench provides a unified CLI interface:

Component	Command	Description
**Installation**	`pip install tau2-bench`	Install framework
**Configuration**	`tau2 configure`	Set API keys and models
**Evaluation**	`tau2 evaluate --model gpt-4o --domain retail`	Run evaluation
**Analysis**	`tau2 analyze results/`	Generate performance reports

Architecture Components

Component	Function	Implementation
**Environment Simulator**	Manages shared state	Python state machine
**User Simulator**	Emulates user behavior	LLM-based with constraints
**Tool Registry**	Defines available actions	JSON API specifications
**Policy Engine**	Enforces domain rules	Rule-based system
**Evaluation Engine**	Scores performance	State comparison logic

Research Impact

Academic Contributions

τ²-bench has influenced several research directions:

Area	Contribution	Papers Influenced
**Multi-agent Systems**	Dual-control paradigm	15+ papers on coordination
**Reliability Testing**	pass^k metric adoption	20+ benchmarks using consistency metrics
**Tool Use**	Shared tool access patterns	Research on collaborative tool use
**Domain Transfer**	Cross-domain evaluation	Studies on generalization

Industry Applications

The benchmark has driven practical improvements:

• **Customer Service Agents**: Enhanced coordination capabilities
• **Technical Support Systems**: Better troubleshooting workflows
• **Training Data**: Generation of dual-control training scenarios
• **Evaluation Standards**: Industry-wide adoption of reliability metrics

Related Work

Comparison with Other Benchmarks

Benchmark	Focus	Key Difference from τ²-bench
WebArena	Web navigation	Single agent control only
AgentBench	General agent tasks	No dual-control scenarios
ToolBench	Tool use evaluation	Static tool sequences
GAIA	General AI assistant	No shared state modification
**τ-bench**	Customer service (v1)	Predecessor, simpler scenarios

Inspired Benchmarks

τ²-bench has inspired domain-specific variants:

• **MedAgentBench**: Medical consultation with dual control
• **LegalAssist-Bench**: Legal advice scenarios
• **FinanceAdvisor-τ**: Financial planning interactions

Limitations and Future Work

Current Limitations

Limitation	Description	Impact
**English Only**	Single language support	Limited global applicability
**Domain Scope**	Three domains currently	May not cover all interaction types
**Simulated Users**	LLM-based user simulation	May not capture human complexity
**Binary Evaluation**	Pass/fail scoring	Misses partial success nuances

Future Directions

Planned extensions include:

1. **Multilingual Support**: Expanding to 10+ languages 2. **Visual Modality**: Adding GUI interaction capabilities 3. **Continuous Evaluation**: Real-time performance tracking 4. **Human Studies**: Extensive human-in-loop validation 5. **Adaptive Difficulty**: Dynamic task complexity adjustment

Significance

τ²-bench represents a fundamental advancement in agent evaluation by introducing the dual-control paradigm that mirrors real-world human-AI interactions. By revealing that even state-of-the-art models achieve less than 65% average success and show dramatic reliability degradation on repeated attempts, the benchmark highlights critical gaps in current AI systems' ability to coordinate with users in shared environments.

The framework's emphasis on reliability through the pass^k metric and its simulation of realistic customer service scenarios has made it an essential tool for both academic research and industry development. As AI agents increasingly handle complex, interactive tasks requiring human coordination, τ²-bench provides the evaluation infrastructure necessary to ensure these systems can reliably and effectively collaborate with users in real-world applications.

See Also

• Agent Evaluation
• Multi-agent Systems
• Tool Use in AI
• Conversational AI
• Customer Service Automation
• Sierra Research
• Dec-POMDP
• WebArena
• AgentBench