Abilene data center (Stargate)

The Abilene data center, also called the Crusoe Abilene Stargate Campus, is the flagship artificial intelligence data center of the Stargate Project, built by Crusoe Energy on Lancium's Clean Campus outside Abilene, Texas, leased for 15 years to Oracle and dedicated almost entirely to OpenAI compute ^[1][2]. At full buildout the original campus spans eight data hall buildings totaling approximately 4 million square feet with about 1.2 gigawatts of total power capacity, and Oracle chairman Larry Ellison said in October 2025 that it would eventually house more than 450,000 NVIDIA GB200 Blackwell GPUs connected as a single cluster ^[3][2]. It was the first Stargate site to come online: the first two buildings, spanning 980,000 square feet and more than 200 megawatts of IT load, were energized within about a year of the June 2024 groundbreaking, and Crusoe announced on September 30, 2025, that they were live on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure ^[4][5]. Crusoe co-founder and CEO Chase Lochmiller described the company as "building the AI factories of the future," with "vertically integrated infrastructure delivered with the velocity required to help America win the AI race" ^[4].

The campus is the first piece of physical infrastructure delivered under the Stargate banner, the AI infrastructure joint venture announced in January 2025 by SoftBank, OpenAI, Oracle, and MGX with an initial commitment of $100 billion and up to $500 billion over four years ^[6]. Its construction is funded through a $15 billion joint venture among Crusoe, Blue Owl Capital, and Primary Digital Infrastructure, including an $11.6 billion second-phase debt and equity package raised in May 2025, whose debt portion was a $7.1 billion construction loan led by JPMorgan Chase ^[7][8][9]. OpenAI has said that GPT-5.5, its model released on April 23, 2026, and internally codenamed Spud, was trained at the site, and Oracle said in September 2026 that OpenAI had also trained GPT-6 Astra there ^[10][11][12]. The eight original buildings were due to be finished by mid-2026, but in March 2026 Crusoe moved that target to the end of 2026; by September 2026, OpenAI had taken delivery of 618 megawatts, about 75% of the planned capacity, according to Oracle ^[13][14]. A separately proposed 600 megawatt expansion for Oracle and OpenAI was dropped in March 2026 after negotiations over financing dragged, and Crusoe instead signed Microsoft for an adjacent 900 megawatt campus that is expected to bring the whole Abilene site to about 2.1 gigawatts ^[15][16][13].

Where is the Abilene data center located?

The campus sits on land along Spinks Road in Taylor County, Texas, near Abilene and about 180 miles west of Dallas. Oracle described it in September 2025 as eight buildings on 1,100 acres, while Bloomberg reported in January 2025 that about 875 acres in Abilene had been set aside for the data centers ^[17][18]. The land is part of Lancium's Clean Campus. When Lancium's project, then known as Project Artemis, was given the go-ahead in 2021, it was described as a "renewable energy power data center campus" on around 800 acres near Spinks Road and Summerhill Road, able to offer 200 MW with the potential to reach 1 GW ^[19]. Lancium provides the land, grid interconnection, site engineering and power planning for the site ^[3]. Crusoe began construction there in June 2024 ^[4]. In July 2024, The Information reported that Oracle was nearing a deal to lease the Crusoe facility, and in October 2024 Crusoe announced the first phase as a 206 MW, two-building, 998,000-square-foot data center that was fully leased long term to an unnamed "Fortune 100 hyperscale tenant" ^[19][20]. The site was publicly tied to the Stargate Project when the venture was announced in January 2025; Bloomberg reported that Oracle facilities Ellison had said were for Stargate were being developed there ^[18].

Why was Abilene chosen?

Crusoe has said that the availability of abundant, low-cost wind energy in Abilene "factored heavily into site selection" ^[7]. Abilene is one of the windiest places in Texas, and its wind power is often underused and curtailed because supply outstrips demand ^[21]. The Lancium Clean Campus was planned around power: Lancium secured a 1.2 GW interconnection with the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid and planned behind-the-meter battery storage and solar alongside it, an approach its CEO Michael McNamara described as turning large loads "from potential risks to robust grid assets" ^[3]. Local governments also offered incentives: officials agreed to a series of large property tax breaks for the data center's expansion, and according to TIME the tax agreement requires the project to spend upwards of $3 billion on capital investment and to employ more than 400 people ^[22].

The buildings are engineered around dense, liquid cooled racks. Crusoe's design uses direct-to-chip liquid cooling while also accommodating air cooling ^[20][3]. Crusoe has emphasized the speed of construction: it built and energized the first two buildings, about 100 MW each, in under a year ^[13]. The construction workforce grew from about 2,000 people a day in March 2025 to about 3,000 in May 2025, more than 6,400 by September 2025 and about 7,000 by November 2025, according to Crusoe and Oracle ^{[3][7][17][23]}.

When was the Abilene data center built?

The construction of the Abilene campus has proceeded in overlapping phases since 2024. The table below summarizes publicly disclosed milestones through October 2026.

The September 30, 2025 "live" announcement came a week after OpenAI's September 23 announcement of five new Stargate sites, which it marked with a media event at the Abilene campus ^[24][4]. At that point Oracle said one building was up and running and construction was continuing on seven more, while Crusoe said the first two buildings had been energized ^[17][4]. Crusoe described energizing the first two buildings within a year as "a remarkable feat of speed for a project of this scale" ^[4].

How much power does the Abilene data center use?

The campus was originally announced with two buildings totaling about 200 megawatts. Crusoe's March 2025 expansion increased the design to eight data hall buildings with a total power capacity of approximately 1.2 gigawatts; Ellison said in October 2025 that this was "enough power for one million four-bedroom homes in the United States" ^[3][2]. Crusoe said each building is designed to operate "up to 50,000 NVIDIA GB200 NVL72s on a single integrated network fabric" ^[7]. The table below shows the publicly reported configuration. Crusoe has said the first two buildings are about 100 MW each but has not given figures for the other six, and the status estimates for Buildings 2 through 8 come from Epoch AI's analysis of satellite imagery ^[13][33].

Ellison's figure of more than 450,000 GB200 GPUs, given at Oracle AI World on October 14, 2025, was far above the 64,000 GB200s the site had been expected to hold by the end of 2026 when it was described in March 2025 ^[2]. Oracle has since reported its progress. On its September 2026 earnings call, co-CEO Clay Magouyrk said that 131,000 GPUs had gone into Abilene for OpenAI in the June to August 2026 quarter and 69,000 in the previous quarter, and that OpenAI had taken delivery of 618 megawatts, or 75 percent of the campus's capacity, according to The Next Platform ^[14][12].

Power, cooling, and water

The Abilene campus connects directly to the ERCOT grid ^[21]. Mortenson, the power-delivery contractor for Lancium, built the site's original 200 MW, 138 kV substation in 2022, expanded it in 2024, and carried out transmission interconnection work in coordination with the utility AEP; it then built a 1 GW, 345 kV substation whose first transformer was energized on December 19, 2025, and whose five main power transformers were all energized by March 10, 2026 ^[26]. Crusoe says the grid connection lets the campus "primarily draw from the region's robust and growing supply of renewable energy" ^[21].

For backup and grid stability, Crusoe installed GE Vernova natural gas turbines on site rather than the diesel generators typical of U.S. data centers. Crusoe says the turbines are equipped with Selective Catalytic Reduction emission control and produce 90% lower emissions than traditional gas or diesel powered reciprocating engines, with "little to no methane slip" ^[21]. In October 2025, Parker Hannifin said it would supply equipment for 29 GE Vernova LM2500XPRESS dual-fuel turbines of 35 MW each, about 1.015 GW in total, for the site; earlier permit filings had described an on-site plant of up to 360.5 MW ^[34]. Epoch AI's satellite imagery showed the on-site power plant beside Building 2 looking complete by March 2026 ^[33]. In March 2025 Crusoe also announced a separate joint venture with Engine No. 1 to secure 4.5 gigawatts of natural gas power from seven GE Vernova turbines for AI data centers; Data Center Frontier's report on the deal did not tie that capacity to Abilene, and said Crusoe and its partners planned to integrate post-combustion carbon capture systems at their facilities ^[35].

Cooling at Abilene is built around closed loop liquid cooling, which is necessary at the rack density of GB200 NVL72 systems. Crusoe says the campus does not rely on evaporative cooling towers: its facility cooling water system is a true closed loop that rejects heat through air-cooled chillers, so the facility does not consume water in the heat-rejection process ^[21]. The initial fill of each building's closed loop requires about one million gallons of municipal water, after which only small amounts are needed for maintenance and water-quality management ^[21]. Crusoe presents the design as a response to water constraints in West Texas and says it chose the more expensive system "in the interest of responsible water management" ^[21].

Who built the Abilene data center and who operates it?

The Abilene campus is the result of an unusually layered partnership structure in which land, physical infrastructure, cloud operation, GPU supply, financing, and tenancy are split among separate companies, as summarized below.

Oracle does not own the buildings: the Crusoe, Blue Owl and Primary Digital joint venture does, and it leases them to Oracle ^[9][7]. OpenAI does not appear on that lease but is the customer for the compute Oracle installs. When the campus went live, Mahesh Thiagarajan, executive vice president of Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, said that "Crusoe has proven its leadership in AI data center design, engineering and construction and has become a trusted partner of Oracle" ^[4].

How is the Abilene data center financed?

The Abilene campus is financed through a $15 billion joint venture among Crusoe, Blue Owl Capital's Real Assets platform, and Primary Digital Infrastructure, with the assets owned by the venture and leased to Oracle ^[7][9]. The first phase, covering the two initial buildings and more than 200 megawatts, broke ground in June 2024; Crusoe announced a $3.4 billion joint venture for it in October 2024, and JPMorgan supplied a $2.3 billion construction financing package for that 206 MW phase ^[20][9]. In May 2025 the partners closed a second-phase package of approximately $11.6 billion in debt and equity to fund the six additional buildings and the expansion to 1.2 gigawatts; the debt portion was a $7.1 billion construction loan from a consortium led by JPMorgan Chase ^[7][8][9]. Marc Zahr, co-president and global head of real assets at Blue Owl, said at the time that "the AI-driven demand for compute power highlights one of the most compelling investment opportunities our Real Assets platform has seen since our inception" ^[7].

The layered ownership, where a financing venture owns the buildings, Oracle holds the long-term lease, and OpenAI is the underlying customer, is what lets the same physical campus be cited at multiple dollar figures: roughly $11.6 billion to $15 billion for the Crusoe-developed assets, against the much larger headline numbers attached to the $500 billion Stargate commitment and OpenAI's cloud contracts with Oracle, under which as much as $300 billion is set to go to Oracle ^[8][27].

What is the Abilene data center used for? Operational use and frontier models

By September 2025 the first two buildings had begun running early training and inference workloads for OpenAI on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure ^[4]. Oracle has described its Zettascale10 networking design as "the fabric underpinning the flagship supercluster built in collaboration with OpenAI in Abilene, Texas, as part of Stargate" ^[2]. In April 2026 Epoch AI estimated that four of the eight buildings were operational, while an Oracle post that month implied that only 200 megawatts was ^[36]. By September 2026, according to Oracle, OpenAI had taken delivery of 618 megawatts ^[14].

In an April 29, 2026 post, OpenAI said that GPT-5.5, its model released on April 23, 2026, and internally codenamed Spud, "was trained at our flagship Stargate site in Abilene, Texas," on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure and NVIDIA GB200 systems ^[10][11]. Oracle said on its September 2026 earnings call that OpenAI had also trained GPT-6 Astra at Abilene ^[12][14]. When OpenAI released Astra on September 3, 2026, it said the model was trained on more than 100,000 GPUs at its Stargate site in Texas ^[32].

How does Abilene fit within the Stargate Project?

The Abilene campus is one of several U.S. sites being built under the Stargate Project umbrella. The original January 2025 announcement promised $100 billion deployed immediately and up to $500 billion over four years ^[6]. On September 23, 2025, the partners announced five more U.S. sites, three with Oracle and two with SoftBank, plus a potential 600 MW expansion near Abilene; together with Abilene and OpenAI's existing partnership with CoreWeave, OpenAI said, this brought Stargate to nearly 7 gigawatts of planned capacity and over $400 billion in investment over the next three years ^[25][17]. The table below summarizes the announced U.S. Stargate sites as Epoch AI described them in April 2026 ^[36].

Abilene at 1.2 gigawatts represents roughly one sixth of the nearly 7 gigawatts announced in September 2025, but in April 2026 Epoch AI estimated that it was the only U.S. Stargate site with any operational capacity ^[36].

The split between a specialist developer and the company that owns the computing hardware, first used at Abilene, recurs at the newer sites: Vantage is building the Shackelford County and Port Washington campuses, STACK Infrastructure the Doña Ana County site and Related Digital the Saline Township site, with Oracle owning the hardware, while SoftBank's SB Energy builds and operates the Milam County site and SoftBank owns its hardware ^[36].

Reception and criticism

The Abilene campus has drawn praise for the speed of its construction and criticism over its financing, energy use and local effects. OpenAI's Sachin Katti has called it "one of the largest AI data center campuses in the United States," and Representative Jodey Arrington of Texas's 19th Congressional District said that "West Texas has become the Silicon Prairie for AI" ^[27][13]. Critics have raised four sets of concerns: financing, energy and emissions, water and community impact, and partner discipline.

Financing and partner discipline. From late 2025 onward, financial press coverage focused on the difficulty of funding Stargate-sized commitments: by March 2026 OpenAI's projected compute spending stood at around $600 billion through 2030, and Oracle was taking on debt to pay for its own buildout ^[27]. On March 6, 2026, Bloomberg reported that Oracle and OpenAI had dropped plans for the separate 600 megawatt expansion, which would have taken the site toward 2 gigawatts, after negotiations dragged over financing and OpenAI's shifting demand forecasts ^[15][27][16]. The Information reported that power for the expansion would not be ready for a year, by which time OpenAI wanted to deploy NVIDIA's Vera Rubin chips rather than the Blackwell GPUs going into Abilene, and a multi-day outage earlier in 2026, caused by winter weather affecting liquid cooling equipment, reportedly strained relations between OpenAI and Crusoe ^[27]. OpenAI's compute scaling executive Sachin Katti said the company had "considered expanding it further, but ultimately chose to put that additional capacity in other locations" ^[27]. Oracle called the reports "false and incorrect" on March 9, said that Crusoe and Oracle were "operating in lockstep," and said that leasing for its broader 4.5 gigawatt commitment to OpenAI had been "completed," though Tom's Hardware noted that the statement did not address the Abilene expansion itself ^[16]. Bloomberg reported that NVIDIA paid Crusoe a $150 million deposit to secure the expansion site and approached Meta about leasing it ^[27][16]. On March 27, Crusoe instead announced a 900 MW campus next to the original site for Microsoft, with two buildings of 336 MW of IT load each, an on-site power plant with battery storage, and the first building due to be energized in mid-2027 ^[13]. In late April 2026, Tom's Hardware, citing the Financial Times, reported that OpenAI had "effectively abandoned" first-party Stargate data centers in favor of leasing capacity from partners and described Stargate as an umbrella term for its compute strategy ^[37].

Energy and emissions. Crusoe's on-site natural gas turbines are the campus's main direct source of emissions. Crusoe describes them as backup power fitted with Selective Catalytic Reduction and says they produce 90 percent lower emissions than traditional gas or diesel reciprocating engines, but like any gas-fired generation they emit carbon dioxide when running ^[21]. The planned plant also grew: permit filings described up to 360.5 MW, and Parker Hannifin later described turbine equipment totaling about 1.015 GW for the site ^[34]. In August 2026 Crusoe said its new Abilene campus would run entirely on on-site generation and battery storage, built and paid for by Crusoe ^[38].

Water. Crusoe presents the closed loop, non-evaporative cooling design as a large reduction in water use compared with evaporative cooling, although each building's loop requires an initial fill of about one million gallons of municipal water ^[21]. Water became part of state oversight in 2026. When Governor Greg Abbott ordered an audit of every data center in ERCOT's interconnection process in August 2026, he required disclosure of projected water consumption, water sources and cooling technology, and OpenAI, Oracle, Lancium and Crusoe were among the companies that said they would comply with his standards, which call for data centers to reuse their own water and pay for their own electric infrastructure ^{[39][28][29][30][31]}.

Community impact and traffic. TIME reported in February 2026 that thousands of out-of-state construction workers had flooded the Abilene area and driven up rents, with Zillow putting the city's average monthly rent at $2,395, up $1,000 from a year earlier, and that the city had $110 million of needed street repairs but only $7 million to spend on them ^[22]. Crusoe says the eight original buildings are expected to deliver up to 32% of the City of Abilene's and up to 25% of Taylor County's FY 2025 budgeted property tax revenue once fully operational, and that the Microsoft campus will add hundreds of permanent jobs ^[21][13].

The original schedule slipped but the campus kept growing. Crusoe moved the expected completion of the eight buildings from mid-2026 to the end of 2026, Oracle had delivered about three quarters of the planned capacity to OpenAI by September 2026, and the dropped Oracle and OpenAI expansion was replaced by Microsoft's adjacent campus ^[13][14].

See also

• Stargate Project
• Crusoe Energy
• OpenAI
• Oracle
• NVIDIA GB300 NVL72
• NVIDIA B200
• GPT-5.5
• Sam Altman
• Data center

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