Atlas (robot)
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Atlas is a series of humanoid robots developed by Boston Dynamics, an American robotics company. First unveiled in July 2013 as part of a DARPA-funded program, Atlas evolved from a tethered research platform into one of the most agile and dynamic bipedal robots ever created. Over its lifespan, the hydraulic version of Atlas became famous for performing backflips, parkour, and choreographed dances, capturing worldwide attention and shaping public perceptions of modern robotics. Boston Dynamics retired the hydraulic Atlas on April 16, 2024, and revealed an all-electric successor just one day later on April 17, 2024.[3][7][8] The electric Atlas, designed for commercial and industrial applications, was shown in production-ready form at CES 2026 and is being deployed to Hyundai factory facilities under a partnership that also integrates AI from Toyota Research Institute and Google DeepMind.[4][13][19]
The Atlas robot traces its roots to PETMAN (Protection Ensemble Test Mannequin), a humanoid robot program funded by the U.S. Army. Development of PETMAN began in 2008 under a $26.3 million contract with Boston Dynamics, which was founded in 1992 by Marc Raibert as a spin-off from the MIT Leg Laboratory. PETMAN was designed to test chemical protection suits worn by soldiers, and it needed to replicate realistic human movement, including walking, running, bending, and crawling.
In 2009, Boston Dynamics demonstrated PETMAN's legs walking on a treadmill. By 2011, the company unveiled a full-body PETMAN prototype capable of walking, squatting, kneeling, and performing push-ups. The robot matched the approximate dimensions and weight of an average adult male (about 1.75 meters tall and 80 kilograms). PETMAN's mechanical design and bipedal locomotion technology served as the direct foundation for Atlas.[15]
DARPA (the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) commissioned Atlas as a platform for the DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC), a competition inspired by the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. The idea was to accelerate the development of robots that could assist humans in disaster-response scenarios, performing tasks such as driving vehicles, clearing debris, opening doors, climbing ladders, and using power tools.
Boston Dynamics and DARPA publicly unveiled the first Atlas robot on July 11, 2013.[1][2] This original version was a large, imposing machine with the following specifications:
| Specification | Detail |
|---|---|
| Height | 188 cm (6 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | 150 kg (330 lb) |
| Degrees of Freedom | 28 (hydraulically actuated) |
| Power | Tethered (off-board power supply) |
| Sensors | LIDAR, stereo cameras (Carnegie Robotics sensor head) |
| Hands | Interchangeable (Sandia National Labs and iRobot designs) |
| Computing | Off-board computer via tether |
The 2013 Atlas required a tether that supplied both high-voltage electrical power and cooling water for its hydraulic system. An off-board computer handled much of the processing, and a human operator issued high-level commands. The sensor head, built by Carnegie Robotics, included a laser rangefinder (LIDAR) and stereo cameras with dedicated perception algorithms.
Seven copies of the Atlas robot were provided to teams that had won DARPA's Virtual Robotics Challenge, a software competition held in June 2013. These teams would go on to develop their own control software for Atlas and compete in the DRC Trials and Finals.
The DRC Trials were held on December 20-21, 2013, at the Homestead-Miami Speedway in Florida. Sixteen teams competed, and the robots had to perform tasks modeled on disaster-response scenarios: driving a utility vehicle, walking over rubble, removing debris, opening doors, climbing an industrial ladder, using a power tool to cut through a wall, and closing a valve. Several teams competed with Atlas robots, including Team IHMC Robotics, which performed well with its Atlas-based entry.
The top performer at the DRC Trials was Team SCHAFT from Japan (later acquired by Google), which used its own custom-built robot and scored 27 out of 32 possible points.
The DRC Finals took place on June 5-6, 2015, at the Fairplex in Pomona, California.[14] Twenty-three teams from around the world competed for $3.5 million in total prize money. The robots had to complete eight tasks within one hour, and each successfully completed task earned one point. The course was designed to simulate disaster-response conditions, and teams had to operate their robots with degraded communications to reflect real-world challenges.
By this time, DARPA had provided an upgraded version of Atlas to competing teams. This updated model could run on battery power (eliminating the tether) and featured improved hardware, including a new power distribution panel and enhanced arm mobility. An estimated 75 percent of the robot's parts were replaced or modified from the original 2013 design.
Seven teams used the upgraded Atlas robot in the DRC Finals. The top finishers were:
| Place | Team | Robot | Points | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Team KAIST (South Korea) | DRC-HUBO | 8 | 44:28 |
| 2nd | Team IHMC Robotics (USA) | Running Man (Atlas) | 8 | 50:26 |
| 3rd | Tartan Rescue / CMU (USA) | CHIMP | 8 | 55:15 |
Team KAIST won the $2 million grand prize with its DRC-HUBO robot, which completed all eight tasks in the fastest time. Team IHMC Robotics placed second with $1 million using an Atlas-based robot named Running Man, finishing just six minutes behind KAIST. Tartan Rescue from Carnegie Mellon University took third place and $500,000 with CHIMP, a tracked robot. Team MIT also placed sixth overall (second among Atlas teams) with their Atlas-based entry.
The DRC Finals were notable for the many dramatic robot falls captured on camera, which themselves became viral internet content. The competition demonstrated both the potential and the limitations of humanoid robots in unstructured environments.
In February 2016, Boston Dynamics released a YouTube video titled "Atlas, The Next Generation," introducing a dramatically redesigned version of Atlas.[9] This new model was smaller, lighter, and significantly more capable than the DRC version:
| Specification | Detail |
|---|---|
| Height | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 82 kg (180 lb) |
| Power | Battery-powered (onboard) |
| Actuation | Hydraulic with battery-powered pump |
| Sensors | LIDAR and stereo sensors in the head |
| Computing | Onboard computers |
The 2016 Atlas was entirely untethered, running on an internal battery that powered its hydraulic actuators through a compact, quieter hydraulic pump. It used sensors in its body and legs for balance, along with LIDAR and stereo sensors in its head for obstacle avoidance, terrain assessment, and navigation. The video showed Atlas walking through snowy woods, recovering its balance after being pushed by a person, picking up boxes and placing them on shelves, and getting back up after being knocked to the ground with a hockey stick.
The video accumulated over 20 million views and generated intense public discussion about the state of robotics. Some viewers expressed amazement at the robot's capabilities, while others raised concerns about the ethics of "bullying" the robot during testing.
This generation of Atlas served as the base platform for all subsequent hydraulic Atlas demonstrations through 2024.
From 2017 onward, Boston Dynamics released a series of increasingly impressive demonstration videos featuring Atlas performing athletic feats that had never been achieved by a humanoid robot before. These videos propelled Atlas to global fame.
On November 17, 2017, Boston Dynamics released a video showing Atlas performing a standing backflip off a raised platform, landing on its feet and raising its arms in celebration.[18] This was the first time a bipedal humanoid robot had ever performed a backflip, earning Atlas a Guinness World Record for the achievement.[10] The robot used its arms to stabilize upon landing, replicating the coordination of a human gymnast.
The backflipping version of Atlas was described as approximately 5 feet (150 cm) tall and about 165 pounds (75 kg), indicating further refinement from the 2016 model. The video went viral, with millions of views and widespread media coverage.
In October 2018, Boston Dynamics published a video titled "Parkour" showing Atlas jogging and leaping over a log before bounding up a series of raised platforms, each about 40 cm (16 inches) high. The robot used real-time computer vision to perceive the obstacles and adapt its movements accordingly, rather than following pre-programmed trajectories. This marked a significant technical advancement: the robot's locomotion was now driven by perception, allowing it to respond dynamically to its environment.
In August 2021, Boston Dynamics released a video showing two Atlas robots performing a synchronized parkour routine.[5] The robots ran up banked plywood panels, broad-jumped across gaps, navigated stairs, vaulted over a balance beam, and finished with synchronized backflips. The routine combined pre-programmed behaviors with real-time perception-based adaptation.
Boston Dynamics also released a "behind the scenes" blooper reel showing the many failed attempts and crashes that occurred during development. The company's engineers noted that the parkour project pushed the robots to their physical limits and helped them develop more robust control algorithms. The video accumulated millions of views on YouTube.
On December 29, 2020, Boston Dynamics released what became perhaps its most viral video ever: "Do You Love Me?" The video featured two Atlas robots, a Spot quadruped robot, and a Handle wheeled robot performing a choreographed dance routine to "Do You Love Me" by The Contours, a 1960s Motown hit.
The video gained over 5 million views within its first few days and eventually accumulated hundreds of millions of views across platforms. Elon Musk commented on the video, tweeting "This is not CGI." The dancing was entirely choreographed and blind, meaning the robots followed pre-planned movement sequences without perceiving or reacting to their environment. Nevertheless, the fluid, human-like movements demonstrated the precision and dynamic range of Atlas's hydraulic actuation system.
In January 2023, Boston Dynamics released a video titled "Atlas Gets a Grip," which represented a major leap in Atlas's capabilities.[6] The video showed Atlas performing a construction-site scenario: the robot picked up a wooden plank, placed it as a bridge between two elevated platforms, walked across it, then picked up a tool bag and threw it to a person standing on scaffolding above. Atlas also pushed a large wooden block off a platform to clear its path.
The video concluded with Atlas performing an inverted 540-degree multi-axis flip. Unlike a standard backflip, the 540-degree rotation introduced asymmetry that made the trick far more difficult. Boston Dynamics engineers stated that the flip used "all of the strength available in almost every single joint on the robot" and described it as "right at the limit of what the robot can do."
This demonstration was significant because it combined locomotion, perception, object manipulation, and extreme athletics in a single continuous sequence. It marked a shift from purely athletic showcases toward practical, workplace-relevant capabilities.
On April 16, 2024, Boston Dynamics announced the retirement of the hydraulic Atlas with a farewell video titled "Farewell to HD Atlas."[7] The video served as a highlight reel of Atlas's greatest moments, including jumping between platforms, carrying objects, and performing flips. It also included previously unseen blooper footage of Atlas stumbling, falling, and crashing during testing.
The video description read: "For almost a decade, Atlas has sparked our imagination, inspired the next generations of roboticists, and leapt over technical barriers in the field. Now it's time for our hydraulic Atlas robot to kick back and relax." The sign-off, "'Til we meet again, Atlas," along with the deliberate use of the word "hydraulic," hinted that the Atlas story was not over.
The hydraulic Atlas had been in development for over a decade, spanning the period from 2013 through 2024. During that time, it progressed from a tethered, externally powered research platform into a battery-powered, autonomous machine capable of running, jumping, flipping, dancing, and manipulating objects.
Just one day after the retirement announcement, on April 17, 2024, Boston Dynamics unveiled a completely new, all-electric version of Atlas.[3][8][16] The reveal video showed the robot lying motionless on gym mats before folding its legs in an unnervingly non-human manner, rising to its feet by bending backward over itself, and then walking toward the camera. Its head rotated 180 degrees, followed by its torso, in a movement that many viewers described as unsettling and alien.
The electric Atlas represented a fundamental redesign rather than an incremental upgrade. Boston Dynamics CEO Robert Playter stated that the new platform was "stronger, with a broader range of motion than any of our previous generations" and that the company was "tackling the next commercial frontier."[3]
The electric Atlas was designed from the ground up for commercial and industrial applications, in contrast to the hydraulic Atlas, which was primarily a research platform. Key design changes include:
At NVIDIA's GTC conference in March 2024, NVIDIA announced Project GR00T, a general-purpose foundation model and developer platform for humanoid robots. Boston Dynamics was named among the early partners adopting the GR00T framework alongside Figure, 1X, Apptronik, Agility Robotics, and Sanctuary AI.[20]
On March 18, 2025, Boston Dynamics announced an expanded collaboration with NVIDIA to accelerate AI capabilities for Atlas.[21] Under the agreement, the production Atlas uses NVIDIA's Jetson Thor onboard computing platform, which provides the computational headroom required to run large multimodal AI models alongside the robot's whole-body and manipulation controllers. Boston Dynamics also adopted NVIDIA Isaac Lab for reinforcement-learning policy training in simulation, allowing Atlas behaviors such as walking, running, crawling, and balance recovery to be trained at scale before transfer to physical hardware. CTO Aaron Saunders represented Boston Dynamics on a humanoid robotics panel at GTC 2025 on March 19, 2025.
In conjunction with the announcement, Boston Dynamics released GTC 2025 demonstration footage showing the electric Atlas running, crawling on hands and feet, performing breakdance-style moves, and recovering from balance perturbations. These behaviors were produced by a unified, simulation-trained whole-body control policy rather than separate locomotion and manipulation stacks.
On October 16, 2024, Boston Dynamics announced a research partnership with Toyota Research Institute (TRI) to combine TRI's Large Behavior Models (LBMs) with the Atlas platform.[22] The Boston-based collaboration is co-led by Scott Kuindersma, senior director of Robotics Research at Boston Dynamics, and Russ Tedrake, vice president of Robotics Research at TRI. Other named principals include Robert Playter (CEO, Boston Dynamics) and Gill Pratt (Chief Scientist at Toyota and CEO of TRI). The stated goal of the partnership is to accelerate progress toward general-purpose humanoid robots by treating skill acquisition as a data and learning problem rather than a hand-engineered control problem.
On August 20, 2025, Boston Dynamics and TRI released the first major joint demonstration, accompanied by a Boston Dynamics blog post titled "Large Behavior Models and Atlas Find New Footing."[23][24] The video showed Atlas performing an extended sequence in a mocked-up "Spot Workshop" environment, including:
According to the Boston Dynamics technical write-up, the underlying policy is a 450-million-parameter Diffusion Transformer-based model trained with a flow-matching objective. The policy runs at 30 Hz and predicts action sequences of 48 steps (approximately 1.6 seconds of motion). A single LBM controls the entire body, including the hands and feet, rather than separate networks for locomotion and manipulation. The teams reported that policies could be replayed at 2x-3x speed without significant degradation in success rate, and that new tasks could be added through human demonstrations without writing new control code.
The collaboration represents one of the most prominent industry examples of a robot foundation model being deployed on a production-class humanoid.
On January 5, 2026, Boston Dynamics unveiled the production-ready version of the electric Atlas at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, during Hyundai Motor Group's global media day presentation.[4][17] CEO Robert Playter called it "the best robot we have ever built" and described Atlas as "the first step toward a long-term goal we have dreamed about since we were children–useful robots that can walk into our homes and help make our lives safer, more productive, and more fulfilling."[4]
The production Atlas specifications, as announced by Boston Dynamics at CES 2026:[4]
| Specification | Detail |
|---|---|
| Degrees of Freedom | 56 (fully rotational joints) |
| Reach | 2.3 m (7.5 ft) |
| Lifting Capacity | 50 kg (110 lb) |
| Operating Temperature | -20 C to 40 C (-4 F to 104 F) |
| Battery | Self-swappable packs; autonomous recharging |
| Water Resistance | Highly water-resistant construction |
| Hands | Human-scale with tactile sensors |
| Compute | NVIDIA Jetson Thor onboard |
| Control Modes | Autonomous, teleoperated, or tablet-based steering |
The robot can autonomously navigate to a charging station and swap its own battery packs, enabling near-continuous operation without human intervention. Atlas won the "Best Robot" award in the Best of CES 2026 Awards from the CNET Group.[17]
At CES 2026, Boston Dynamics and Google DeepMind announced a new partnership to integrate DeepMind's foundation models into Atlas, marking a reunion almost a decade after Google had sold Boston Dynamics to SoftBank in 2017.[13][19] The collaboration targets DeepMind's Gemini Robotics family, which includes a vision-language-action model (Gemini Robotics) for direct robot control and a higher-level Gemini Robotics-ER model for embodied reasoning and natural-language task planning. The partnership aims to give Atlas more flexible cognitive capabilities, allowing it to learn new tasks quickly and adapt to dynamic environments without explicit reprogramming.
Also announced at CES 2026, Hyundai Mobis - the components subsidiary of Hyundai Motor Group - will supply the electric actuators for Atlas. The two companies will jointly build a reliable component supply chain and accelerate actuator development and production for the planned scale-up.[4]
Hyundai Motor Group, which acquired an 80% controlling stake in Boston Dynamics from SoftBank Group in a deal completed on June 21, 2021 at a valuation of $1.1 billion (SoftBank retains a 20% stake through an affiliate), is the primary customer and deployment partner for the electric Atlas.[11]
All Atlas deployments for 2026 are fully committed, with robot fleets shipping to:[4][12]
Hyundai plans to begin using Atlas at its Hyundai Motor Group Metaplant America (HMGMA) facility in Savannah, Georgia, by 2028. Initial tasks will focus on low-risk operations such as sorting, sequencing, and transporting parts along production lines. More complex operations, including component assembly, are planned for 2030, with eventual expansion to repetitive, heavy, and complex tasks across entire production sites.[4][12]
Hyundai has announced a $26 billion investment in U.S. operations over four years starting in 2025. Part of this investment includes a new robotics factory with a target annual production capacity of 30,000 robot units by 2028. Additional customers beyond Hyundai and Google DeepMind are planned for early 2027.[17]
| Feature | Hydraulic Atlas (2016-2024) | Electric Atlas (2024-present) |
|---|---|---|
| Actuation | Hydraulic (battery-powered pump) | Fully electric actuators |
| Height | ~175 cm (5 ft 9 in) | ~190 cm (6 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | ~82 kg (180 lb) | ~90 kg (198 lb) |
| Degrees of Freedom | 28 | 56 |
| Joint Rotation | Limited range | 360-degree continuous rotation (most joints) |
| Noise Level | Loud (hydraulic pump) | Quiet (electric motors) |
| Maintenance | Complex (hydraulic fluid, seals, leaks) | Simplified (no hydraulics, no wires across joints) |
| Primary Purpose | Research and demonstration | Commercial and industrial deployment |
| Hands/Grippers | Various experimental grippers | Human-scale hands with tactile sensors |
| Lifting Capacity | Not publicly specified | 50 kg (110 lb) |
| Onboard Compute | Internal computers | NVIDIA Jetson Thor |
| Fleet Management | None | Integrated with Orbit platform |
| AI Integration | Limited onboard autonomy | RL whole-body policies, TRI LBMs, Gemini Robotics |
The Atlas program has gone through several distinct generations, each representing a significant leap in capability:
The transition from hydraulic to electric actuation was one of the most significant changes in the program's history. Hydraulic systems can produce high forces relative to their size, which is why they were used in the original Atlas. However, hydraulic systems are noisy, prone to leaking, require complex maintenance, and are difficult to scale for commercial production. Electric actuators, while historically limited in torque density, have advanced to the point where they can match or exceed hydraulic performance for humanoid robot applications while being quieter, cleaner, and easier to maintain.
The ownership of Boston Dynamics changed hands multiple times during the Atlas program's lifetime, which influenced the robot's direction:
| Year | Owner | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1992-2013 | Independent (Marc Raibert, founder) | Spun off from MIT Leg Laboratory |
| 2013-2017 | Google (Alphabet/X) | Acquired December 2013; managed under Google X |
| 2017-2020 | SoftBank Group | Acquired June 2017 for approximately $100 million |
| 2020-present | Hyundai Motor Group | 80% stake at $1.1B valuation; completed June 21, 2021 |
Under Google's ownership, Atlas development focused on research and public demonstrations. SoftBank's period saw continued research but also the beginning of commercialization efforts. Hyundai's acquisition marked a clear pivot toward industrial applications, with Atlas being developed as a product rather than purely a research platform.
Atlas is one of several humanoid robots being developed as commercial products. Notable competitors include Tesla Optimus, Figure AI's Figure 02 and 03, Agility Robotics' Digit, 1X's NEO, Apptronik's Apollo, and Sanctuary AI's Phoenix. Atlas is differentiated by Boston Dynamics' two decades of legged-locomotion research heritage, its non-anthropomorphic range of motion (notably 360-degree joints), and the AI partnerships with TRI and Google DeepMind. As of 2026, no major humanoid robot vendor including Boston Dynamics has disclosed unit prices, and Atlas has not been offered for sale outside of the Hyundai/DeepMind deployments announced for 2026.
Atlas became one of the most recognizable robots in the world, rivaling fictional robots in popular culture for public awareness. Several factors contributed to its cultural significance:
Viral videos. Boston Dynamics' YouTube videos consistently attracted tens of millions of views. The 2016 "Next Generation" video (over 20 million views), the 2017 backflip video, and the 2020 "Do You Love Me" dance video (hundreds of millions of views across platforms) turned Atlas into a household name. The videos were shared widely on social media, covered by major news outlets, and discussed on late-night television programs.
Internet memes and parody. Atlas demonstrations inspired extensive meme culture. When videos showed Boston Dynamics engineers pushing or kicking the robot to test its balance recovery, viewers anthropomorphized the robot and expressed sympathy. Parody creators dubbed over the videos to create comedy sketches and horror scenarios imagining a robot uprising. The Auralnauts created a notable parody depicting Atlas seeking revenge against its "tormenting captors."
Public discourse on robotics. Atlas videos consistently reignited public conversations about the future of artificial intelligence and robotics. Reactions ranged from excitement about technological progress to anxiety about job displacement and the potential militarization of humanoid robots. Boston Dynamics has stated repeatedly that it does not intend for its robots to be used as weapons.
Inspiration for roboticists. Boston Dynamics acknowledged in its farewell message for hydraulic Atlas that the robot "sparked our imagination, inspired the next generations of roboticists, and leapt over technical barriers in the field." Atlas demonstrations motivated students and researchers worldwide to enter the field of robotics.
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| 2008 | PETMAN development begins under U.S. Army contract |
| 2011 | Full-body PETMAN prototype demonstrated |
| July 11, 2013 | Original Atlas unveiled by DARPA and Boston Dynamics |
| June 2013 | DARPA Virtual Robotics Challenge; seven teams win Atlas robots |
| December 20-21, 2013 | DRC Trials held in Homestead, Florida |
| June 5-6, 2015 | DRC Finals held in Pomona, California |
| February 2016 | "Next Generation" Atlas revealed (5 ft 9 in, 180 lb, untethered) |
| November 17, 2017 | Atlas performs first-ever humanoid backflip |
| October 2018 | Atlas performs parkour (jumping over obstacles, bounding up platforms) |
| December 29, 2020 | "Do You Love Me" dance video released |
| June 21, 2021 | Hyundai completes acquisition of Boston Dynamics (80% stake, $1.1B valuation) |
| August 2021 | Two Atlas robots perform synchronized parkour course |
| January 2023 | "Atlas Gets a Grip": object manipulation and 540-degree multi-axis flip |
| March 18, 2024 | NVIDIA announces Project GR00T; Boston Dynamics named early adopter |
| April 16, 2024 | Hydraulic Atlas retired; farewell video published |
| April 17, 2024 | Electric Atlas revealed |
| October 16, 2024 | Boston Dynamics-TRI partnership announced for Large Behavior Models |
| March 18, 2025 | Expanded NVIDIA collaboration; Atlas adopts Jetson Thor and Isaac Lab |
| August 20, 2025 | First LBM-on-Atlas demonstration (450M-param Diffusion Transformer) |
| January 5, 2026 | Production-ready electric Atlas unveiled at CES 2026 |
| 2026 | First Atlas fleets ship to Hyundai RMAC and Google DeepMind |
| 2027 (planned) | Additional customers beyond Hyundai and Google DeepMind |
| 2028 (planned) | Atlas begins factory operations at Hyundai Metaplant America in Georgia; 30,000-unit/year production target |
| 2030 (planned) | Expansion to component assembly tasks |