Humanoid robots

Humanoid robots are robots designed to resemble and, in some cases, mimic the human body in shape and movement. Unlike industrial robotic arms or wheeled service robots, humanoid robots typically feature a head, torso, two arms, and two legs (or sometimes wheels for locomotion). They are built to operate in environments designed for humans, using human-compatible tools and navigating spaces built for bipedal movement.

As of 2026, the humanoid robotics industry has grown rapidly, with 169 known humanoid robot models from 117 manufacturers across 22 countries. The field spans research platforms like Honda ASIMO and NASA Valkyrie, commercial products such as the Unitree H1 and Agility Digit, and high-profile development programs including Tesla Optimus, Figure 02, and Boston Dynamics Atlas.

Overview

The modern wave of humanoid robotics accelerated significantly from 2023 onward, driven by advances in artificial intelligence, large language models, improved actuator technology, and substantial venture capital investment. Companies like Figure AI raised over $750 million, while established players like Boston Dynamics, UBTECH, and Unitree pushed from research prototypes into commercial production.

Key application areas for humanoid robots include:

• Manufacturing and logistics: Factory floor tasks, parts handling, warehouse operations
• Research and education: University robotics labs, AI research platforms
• Healthcare and eldercare: Patient assistance, rehabilitation, companionship
• Hospitality and retail: Customer service, concierge, reception
• Hazardous environments: Disaster response, nuclear facilities, construction sites

Complete list of humanoid robots

The following table lists all 169 known humanoid robot models, sorted alphabetically.

Robot	Manufacturer	Country	Height (cm)	Weight (kg)	DOF	Price	Status	Year
1X EVE	1X	Norway	188	87	25	N/A	Production	2022
1X Neo	1X	Norway	168	30	75	$20K	Development	2024
4NE-1	NEURA Robotics	Germany	170	60	25	$33K	Prototype	N/A
A2 Lite	AgiBot	N/A	169	69	40	N/A	Production	N/A
A2 Ultra	AgiBot	N/A	169	69	40	N/A	Production	N/A
A2-W	AgiBot	N/A	163	230	22	N/A	Production	N/A
Adam Lite	PNDbotics	China	160	60	25	$120K	Prototype	N/A
Adam SP	PNDbotics	China	167	62	41	$100K	Prototype	N/A
AEON	Hexagon	Sweden	165	60	34	$20K	Prototype	N/A
Agibot A2	Agibot	China	175	55	49	$100K	Prototype	N/A
Agibot A2 Max	Agibot	China	178	85	25	$100K	Prototype	N/A
AgiBot X1	AgiBot	China	130	33	34	$20K	Prototype	N/A
AgiBot X2	AgiBot	China	130	36	29	$34K	Production	N/A
Agile One	Agile Robots SE	Germany	174	69	40	$100K	Prototype	2026
Agility Digit	Agility Robotics	United States	175	64	30	$250K	Production	2023
AI Worker	ROBOTIS	South Korea	162	90	25	$60K	Production	N/A
AIDOL	AI Dynamic Organism Lab	Russia	186	95	67	$60K	Prototype	N/A
Alice	AEI Robot	China	157	50	31	$65K	Prototype	N/A
ALLEX	WIRobotics	South Korea	N/A	N/A	N/A	$180K	Prototype	N/A
ALPHA	TeknTrash	United Kingdom	200	90	13	$55K	Prototype	N/A
Ambidex	Naver Labs	South Korea	186	N/A	47	$100K	Production	N/A
Ameca	Engineered Arts	United Kingdom	187	62	27	$250K	Production	2021
Apollo	Apptronik	United States	172	73	44	$50K	Production	2024
AstroD. AD-01	INFIFORCE / ELU.AI	China	170	120	N/A	$100K	Prototype	2025
Atlas	Boston Dynamics	United States	190	90	56	$120K	Production	2024
Atom	DOBOT Robotics	China	153	62	41	$30K	Prototype	N/A
Atom Max	DOBOT Robotics	China	170	55	42	$68K	Prototype	N/A
Bimanual	Svaya Robotics	N/A	N/A	N/A	28	N/A	Production	N/A
Booster T1	Booster Robotics	China	118	30	23	$35K	Production	2024
Borg 01	Borg Robotics	United States	170	70	23	$100K	Prototype	2025
CASIVIBOT	CasiVision	China	140	55	14	$29K	Production	N/A
Clone Alpha	Clone Robotics	Poland	170	60	164	$100K	Prototype	N/A
Codroid 02	Estun Automation	China	170	70	44	N/A	Production	2025
Cruzr S2	UBTECH Robotics	China	185	185	44	$18K	Production	N/A
DexBot	BOSHIAC / Harbin Institute of Technology	China	167	80	40	$120K	Prototype	N/A
Dora	Noetix Robotics	China	100	20	26	$10K	Prototype	N/A
DR01	Deep Robotics	China	170	80	12	$200K	Prototype	N/A
DR02	DEEP Robotics	China	175	65	N/A	$200K	Prototype	N/A
DUCO	SIASUN	China	155	100	32	$85K	Prototype	N/A
Eggie	Tangible Robots	United States	150	45	30	$32K	Prototype	N/A
Figure 02	Figure	United States	168	70	41	$100K	Development	2024
Figure 03	Figure	United States	170	60	30	$130K	Prototype	N/A
FlashBot Arm	PUDU Technology	China	144	70	N/A	$34K	Production	N/A
Forerunner D1	Kepler Robotics	N/A	178	85	40	$30K	Production	2024
Forerunner K1	Kepler Robotics	China	178	85	40	$30K	Production	2024
Forerunner S1	Kepler Robotics	N/A	178	85	40	$30K	Production	2024
Fourier GR-1	Fourier Intelligence	China	165	55	40	$150K	Production	2023
Friday	Holiday Robotics	N/A	176	115	63	$70K	Development	N/A
G2 Genie	AgiBot	N/A	180	185	26	N/A	Production	N/A
Galaxea R1	Galaxea Dynamics	China	170	80	24	$50K	Production	N/A
Galaxea R1 Lite	Galaxea Dynamics	China	128	55	23	$28K	Production	N/A
Galaxea R1 Pro	Galaxea Dynamics	China	170	96	26	$70K	Production	N/A
Galbot G1	Beijing Galaxy General Robot	China	155	45	25	$55K	Production	2024
Galbot G1 Pro	Beijing Galaxy General Robot	China	173	88	25	$55K	Prototype	N/A
GENE.01	Generative Bionics	Italy	170	70	50	$50K	Prototype	2026
GR-2	Fourier Intelligence	China	175	63	53	$125K	Prototype	N/A
HIVA Haiwa	Haier	China	165	70	44	$80K	Prototype	N/A
HMND 01	Humanoid	United Kingdom	175	70	41	$100K	Prototype	2025
HMND 01 Alpha Bipedal	Humanoid	United Kingdom	179	90	29	$120K	Prototype	N/A
Hobbs W1	Noetix Robotics	China	60	19	22	$35K	Production	2024
Honda ASIMO	Honda	Japan	130	48	57	N/A	Retired	2000
IGRIS-C	Robros	N/A	154	56	31	N/A	Development	N/A
Jaka K1	JAKA Robotics	China	180	40	29	$100K	Prototype	N/A
K-Bot	K-Scale Labs	United States	140	34	N/A	$9K	Development	2025
Kangaroo	PAL Robotics	Spain	170	80	28	$100K	Production	2024
KAPEX	LG Electronics & KIST	South Korea	175	65	45	$150K	Prototype	N/A
Keenon XMAN-R1	KEENON Robotics	China	172	110	36	$100K	Production	N/A
Kepler K2 Bumblebee	Kepler Robotics	China	175	75	52	$30K	Production	2024
Kinisi 01	Kinisi Robotics	N/A	162	100	21	$75K	Production	N/A
Kinisi KR1	Kinisi Robotics	United States	162	100	21	$75K	Prototype	N/A
Kuavo-5	Leju Robot	China	168	55	40	$38K	Prototype	N/A
Kuavo-my	Leju Robotics	China	145	45	26	$50K	Prototype	N/A
LG CLOiD	LG Electronics	South Korea	125	65	12	$35K	Production	N/A
LimX CL-1	LimX Dynamics	China	160	45	20	$40K	Prototype	N/A
LimX Oli	LimX Dynamics	China	165	55	43	$22K	Production	N/A
LUS 2	Lumos Robotics	China	160	65	38	$99K	Production	N/A
MagicBot G1	MagicLab	China	174	67.5	42	$120K	Production	2024
MagicBot Z1	MagicLab	China	140	40	49	$50K	Prototype	2025
Maker H01	GigaAI	China	160	64	28	$160K	Prototype	N/A
Matrix-1	Matrix Robotics	China	180	67	55	$100K	Prototype	N/A
MATRIX-3	Matrix Robotics	China	170	N/A	37	$85K	Prototype	N/A
MEMO	Sunday Robotics	United States	170	77	20	$20K	Prototype	2026
MenteeBot	Mentee Robotics	Israel	175	70	40	$35K	Prototype	2025
MenteeBot V3	Mentee Robotics	Israel	175	70	40	N/A	Prototype	2025
MH3	Mirsee Robotics	Canada	180	125	31	$200K	Production	N/A
MIRO	Midea	China	N/A	N/A	N/A	$58K	Prototype	N/A
Mirokaï	Enchanted Tools	France	123	28	26	$30K	Prototype	N/A
Moby	UnderControl AI	United States	170	45	34	$75K	Prototype	N/A
Motion 1	VinMotion	Vietnam	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Prototype	2025
Motion 2	VinMotion	Vietnam	162	67	36	$75K	Prototype	N/A
Moz1	Spirit AI	China	160	70	26	$150K	Prototype	N/A
N2	Noetix Robotics	China	118	30	18	$7K	Prototype	N/A
NAO	SoftBank Robotics	France	58	5.2	25	$14K	Production	2008
NASA Valkyrie R5	NASA	United States	190	125	44	N/A	Production	N/A
NAVAI-I3	Zhejiang Humanoid Robot Innovation Center	China	168	60	32	$120K	Prototype	N/A
Navigator 2	Zhejiang Humanoid Robot Innovation Center	China	165	60	20	$100K	Prototype	2024
NEO	1X Technologies	United States	168	30	75	$20K	Prototype	N/A
NEO Beta	1X Technologies	United States	165	30	55	$75K	Prototype	N/A
NEO Gamma	1X Technologies	United States	165	35	75	$75K	Prototype	N/A
NIX	Lumos Robotics	China	80	20	N/A	$12K	Prototype	N/A
North	Sharpa	Singapore	N/A	N/A	22	N/A	Development	2026
Onero H1	SwitchBot	Japan	174	68	52	$50K	Prototype	N/A
Optimus Gen 1	Tesla	United States	173	56	22	$30K	Prototype	N/A
Optimus Gen 2	Tesla	United States	173	47	28	$20K	Prototype	2024
Optimus Gen 3	Tesla	United States	173	57	28	$25K	Development	2026
ORCA	Cyan Robotics	China	160	50	40	$34K	Prototype	N/A
Phantom MK1	Foundation	United States	175	65	19	$100K	Prototype	2025
Phoenix	Sanctuary AI	Canada	170	70	75	$40K	Development	2024
PHYBOT C1	PHYBOT	China	125	25	28	$22K	Prototype	N/A
PHYBOT M1	PHYBOT	China	172	60	32	$39K	Production	N/A
PM01	EngineAI	China	138	40	24	$12K	Prototype	N/A
PR-34D	Perceptyne	India	N/A	N/A	34	$120K	Production	N/A
ProWhite	PL-Universe	China	160	50	30	$45K	Production	N/A
Pudu D7	Pudu Robotics	China	165	45	30	$70K	Prototype	N/A
Pudu D9	Pudu Robotics	China	170	65	42	$100K	Prototype	N/A
Qinglong V3.0	OpenLoong	China	185	85	60	$90K	Production	N/A
QUANTA X2	X Square Robot	China	172	95	62	$80K	Prototype	N/A
QUESTER1	AgiBot	China	79	25	28	$28K	Prototype	N/A
R-Noid	Robot.com	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Production	N/A
R1	Unitree	China	121	25	26	$6K	Development	2025
RAISE A1	Agibot	China	175	53	49	$30K	Prototype	N/A
RB-Y1	Rainbow Robotics	South Korea	140	131	24	$80K	Production	N/A
Reachy 2	Pollen Robotics	France	166	50	21	$78K	Prototype	N/A
Robbyant R1	Robbyant (Ant Group)	China	160	110	34	$55K	Production	2025
RoBee	Oversonic Robotics	Italy	175	80	40	$140K	Production	N/A
Robin	Roboligent	United States	160	55	28	$85K	Production	N/A
S1	Astribot	China	165	58	36	N/A	Development	2024
SAO2	EngineAI	China	65	8	28	$5K	Production	2024
SE01	EngineAI Robotics	China	170	55	32	$12K	Prototype	N/A
SkyWalker 2	EIR Technology	China	165	55	55	$85K	Production	N/A
Songxing	Siasun Robot & Automation	China	165	85	38	$140K	Production	N/A
Sophia	Hanson Robotics	Hong Kong	167	21	74	N/A	Production	2016
Spaceo M1	Muks Robotics	India	167	65	16	$11K	Production	N/A
Spaceo Pro	Muks Robotics	India	167	65	20	$60K	Production	N/A
Star1	Robotera	China	171	65	55	$120K	Production	2024
Steve	Sulu.be	Belgium	210	140	22	$60K	Production	N/A
T800	EngineAI	China	173	60	41	$85K	Prototype	N/A
TALOS	PAL Robotics	Spain	175	95	32	$1.1M	Production	2017
TARA GEN1	iHub Robotics	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Production	N/A
TARS	TARS Robotics	China	167	80	35	$95K	Prototype	N/A
THEMIS V2	Westwood Robotics	United States	160	36	40	N/A	Development	2025
Tian Yi 2.0	Beijing Humanoid Robot Innovation Center	China	170	N/A	20	$60K	Production	N/A
Tien Kung 2.0	X-Humanoid	China	165	60	20	$41K	Production	2024
TITAN	RoboForce	N/A	210	N/A	N/A	N/A	Development	N/A
TM Xplore 1	Techman Robot	Taiwan	167	N/A	22	$25K	Prototype	N/A
TORA DoubleOne	PaXini Technology	China	168	70	58	$45K	Production	N/A
ToraOne	Paxini	China	175	70	42	$100K	Prototype	N/A
Torobo	Tokyo Robotics	Japan	166	160	24	$100K	Prototype	N/A
Toyota T-HR3	Toyota	Japan	154	75	32	N/A	Production	2017
Unitree G1	Unitree	China	127	35	43	$16K	Production	N/A
Unitree H1	Unitree	China	180	47	19	$90K	Production	2023
Unitree H2	Unitree	China	182	70	31	$30K	Prototype	N/A
VB1-I	Lanxin Robotics	China	165	65	42	$120K	Production	N/A
VB2	Lanxin Robotics	China	170	70	47	$150K	Production	N/A
Vega	Dexmate	United Kingdom	171	135	36	$90K	Production	N/A
VersaBot VB-1	Lanxin Robotics	China	165	75	38	$120K	Production	N/A
Walker C	UBTECH Robotics	China	163	43	20	$30K	Prototype	N/A
Walker S1	UBTECH Robotics	China	172	76	41	$75K	Production	N/A
Walker S2	UBTECH Robotics	China	176	95	52	$90K	Production	N/A
Walker Tienkung	UBTECH Robotics	China	170	N/A	20	$41K	Production	2025
Walker X	UBTECH Robotics	China	145	77	41	N/A	Production	2021
X2 Ultra	AgiBot	N/A	131	39	30	N/A	Production	N/A
Xiao Tuo	TOPSTAR Group	China	120	40	30	$21K	Prototype	N/A
Xiaomi CyberOne	Xiaomi	China	177	52	21	$97K	Prototype	2022
XPENG IRON	XPENG Robotics	China	178	70	82	$150K	Development	2024
XPENG PX5	XPENG Robotics	China	150	109	22	$150K	Prototype	2023
Yogi	Cartwheel Robotics	United States	150	47	36	$85K	Prototype	N/A
Zeroth M1	Zeroth Robotics	United States	49	N/A	20	$3K	Production	2026
Zeus 1	PL Universe	China	167	300	42	$140K	Production	N/A

By country

Country	Number of robots	Notable examples
China	90	Adam Lite, Adam SP, Agibot A2
United States	23	Agility Digit, Apollo, Atlas
Unknown	14	A2 Lite, A2 Ultra, A2-W
South Korea	6	AI Worker, ALLEX, Ambidex
United Kingdom	5	ALPHA, Ameca, HMND 01
Japan	4	Honda ASIMO, Onero H1, Torobo
France	3	Mirokaï, NAO, Reachy 2
India	3	PR-34D, Spaceo M1, Spaceo Pro
Norway	2	1X EVE, 1X Neo
Germany	2	4NE-1, Agile One
Italy	2	GENE.01, RoBee
Spain	2	Kangaroo, TALOS
Israel	2	MenteeBot, MenteeBot V3
Canada	2	MH3, Phoenix
Vietnam	2	Motion 1, Motion 2
Sweden	1	AEON
Russia	1	AIDOL
Poland	1	Clone Alpha
Singapore	1	North
Hong Kong	1	Sophia
Belgium	1	Steve
Taiwan	1	TM Xplore 1

By manufacturer

Manufacturer	Country	Robots	Models
AgiBot	N/A	8	A2 Lite, A2 Ultra, A2-W, AgiBot X1, AgiBot X2, G2 Genie, QUESTER1, X2 Ultra
UBTECH Robotics	China	6	Cruzr S2, Walker C, Walker S1, Walker S2, Walker Tienkung, Walker X
Kepler Robotics	N/A	4	Forerunner D1, Forerunner K1, Forerunner S1, Kepler K2 Bumblebee
Unitree	China	4	R1, Unitree G1, Unitree H1, Unitree H2
Agibot	China	3	Agibot A2, Agibot A2 Max, RAISE A1
Noetix Robotics	China	3	Dora, Hobbs W1, N2
Galaxea Dynamics	China	3	Galaxea R1, Galaxea R1 Lite, Galaxea R1 Pro
1X Technologies	United States	3	NEO, NEO Beta, NEO Gamma
Tesla	United States	3	Optimus Gen 1, Optimus Gen 2, Optimus Gen 3
EngineAI	China	3	PM01, SAO2, T800
Lanxin Robotics	China	3	VB1-I, VB2, VersaBot VB-1
1X	Norway	2	1X EVE, 1X Neo
PNDbotics	China	2	Adam Lite, Adam SP
DOBOT Robotics	China	2	Atom, Atom Max
Figure	United States	2	Figure 02, Figure 03
Fourier Intelligence	China	2	Fourier GR-1, GR-2
Beijing Galaxy General Robot	China	2	Galbot G1, Galbot G1 Pro
Humanoid	United Kingdom	2	HMND 01, HMND 01 Alpha Bipedal
PAL Robotics	Spain	2	Kangaroo, TALOS
Kinisi Robotics	N/A	2	Kinisi 01, Kinisi KR1
LimX Dynamics	China	2	LimX CL-1, LimX Oli
Lumos Robotics	China	2	LUS 2, NIX
MagicLab	China	2	MagicBot G1, MagicBot Z1
Matrix Robotics	China	2	Matrix-1, MATRIX-3
Mentee Robotics	Israel	2	MenteeBot, MenteeBot V3
VinMotion	Vietnam	2	Motion 1, Motion 2
Zhejiang Humanoid Robot Innovation Center	China	2	NAVAI-I3, Navigator 2
PHYBOT	China	2	PHYBOT C1, PHYBOT M1
Pudu Robotics	China	2	Pudu D7, Pudu D9
Muks Robotics	India	2	Spaceo M1, Spaceo Pro
XPENG Robotics	China	2	XPENG IRON, XPENG PX5

Price comparison

The following table compares humanoid robots by price range, from most affordable to most expensive. Only robots with publicly known pricing are included.

Price range	Robots
Under $10,000	Zeroth M1 ($3K), SAO2 ($5K), R1 ($6K), N2 ($7K), K-Bot ($9K)
$10,000 - $50,000	Dora ($10K), Spaceo M1 ($11K), NIX ($12K), PM01 ($12K), SE01 ($12K), NAO ($14K), Unitree G1 ($16K), Cruzr S2 ($18K), 1X Neo ($20K), AEON ($20K), AgiBot X1 ($20K), MEMO ($20K), NEO ($20K), Optimus Gen 2 ($20K), Xiao Tuo ($21K), LimX Oli ($22K), PHYBOT C1 ($22K), Optimus Gen 3 ($25K), TM Xplore 1 ($25K), Galaxea R1 Lite ($28K), QUESTER1 ($28K), CASIVIBOT ($29K), Unitree H2 ($30K), Atom ($30K), Forerunner D1 ($30K), Forerunner K1 ($30K), Forerunner S1 ($30K), Kepler K2 Bumblebee ($30K), Mirokaï ($30K), Optimus Gen 1 ($30K), RAISE A1 ($30K), Walker C ($30K), Eggie ($32K), 4NE-1 ($33K), AgiBot X2 ($34K), FlashBot Arm ($34K), ORCA ($34K), Booster T1 ($35K), Hobbs W1 ($35K), LG CLOiD ($35K), MenteeBot ($35K), Kuavo-5 ($38K), PHYBOT M1 ($39K), LimX CL-1 ($40K), Phoenix ($40K), Tien Kung 2.0 ($41K), Walker Tienkung ($41K), ProWhite ($45K), TORA DoubleOne ($45K)
$50,000 - $100,000	Apollo ($50K), Galaxea R1 ($50K), GENE.01 ($50K), Kuavo-my ($50K), MagicBot Z1 ($50K), Onero H1 ($50K), ALPHA ($55K), Galbot G1 ($55K), Galbot G1 Pro ($55K), Robbyant R1 ($55K), MIRO ($58K), AI Worker ($60K), AIDOL ($60K), Spaceo Pro ($60K), Steve ($60K), Tian Yi 2.0 ($60K), Alice ($65K), Atom Max ($68K), Friday ($70K), Galaxea R1 Pro ($70K), Pudu D7 ($70K), Kinisi 01 ($75K), Kinisi KR1 ($75K), Moby ($75K), Motion 2 ($75K), NEO Beta ($75K), NEO Gamma ($75K), Walker S1 ($75K), Reachy 2 ($78K), HIVA Haiwa ($80K), QUANTA X2 ($80K), RB-Y1 ($80K), DUCO ($85K), MATRIX-3 ($85K), Robin ($85K), SkyWalker 2 ($85K), T800 ($85K), Yogi ($85K), Vega ($90K), Qinglong V3.0 ($90K), Unitree H1 ($90K), Walker S2 ($90K), TARS ($95K), Xiaomi CyberOne ($97K), LUS 2 ($99K)
$100,000 - $250,000	Adam SP ($100K), Agibot A2 ($100K), Agibot A2 Max ($100K), Agile One ($100K), Ambidex ($100K), AstroD. AD-01 ($100K), Borg 01 ($100K), Clone Alpha ($100K), Figure 02 ($100K), HMND 01 ($100K), Jaka K1 ($100K), Kangaroo ($100K), Keenon XMAN-R1 ($100K), Matrix-1 ($100K), Navigator 2 ($100K), Phantom MK1 ($100K), Pudu D9 ($100K), ToraOne ($100K), Torobo ($100K), MagicBot G1 ($120K), Adam Lite ($120K), Atlas ($120K), DexBot ($120K), HMND 01 Alpha Bipedal ($120K), NAVAI-I3 ($120K), PR-34D ($120K), Star1 ($120K), VB1-I ($120K), VersaBot VB-1 ($120K), GR-2 ($125K), Figure 03 ($130K), RoBee ($140K), Songxing ($140K), Zeus 1 ($140K), Fourier GR-1 ($150K), KAPEX ($150K), Moz1 ($150K), VB2 ($150K), XPENG IRON ($150K), XPENG PX5 ($150K), Maker H01 ($160K), ALLEX ($180K), DR01 ($200K), DR02 ($200K), MH3 ($200K)
$250,000 - $500,000	Agility Digit ($250K), Ameca ($250K)
Over $500,000	TALOS ($1.1M)

Technical comparison

Fastest humanoid robots

Rank	Robot	Max speed (m/s)	Speed (km/h)
1	1X Neo	6.2	22.3
2	NEO	6.1	22.0
3	1X EVE	4.0	14.4
4	DR02	4.0	14.4
5	Star1	3.6	13.0
6	N2	3.5	12.6
7	Agibot A2	3.3	11.9
8	NEO Beta	3.3	11.9
9	Unitree H1	3.3	11.9
10	Unitree H2	3.1	11.2
11	Kinisi KR1	3.0	10.8
12	PHYBOT M1	2.8	10.1
13	THEMIS V2	2.8	10.0
14	Walker Tienkung	2.8	10.0
15	Atlas	2.5	9.0

Most degrees of freedom

Rank	Robot	DOF
1	Clone Alpha	164
2	XPENG IRON	82
3	1X Neo	75
4	NEO	75
5	NEO Gamma	75
6	Phoenix	75
7	Sophia	74
8	AIDOL	67
9	Friday	63
10	QUANTA X2	62
11	Qinglong V3.0	60
12	TORA DoubleOne	58
13	Honda ASIMO	57
14	Atlas	56
15	Matrix-1	55

Longest battery life

Rank	Robot	Battery life (hours)
1	MH3	10
2	Vega	10
3	LG CLOiD	9
4	Agility Digit	8
5	Ambidex	8
6	CASIVIBOT	8
7	FlashBot Arm	8
8	Forerunner D1	8
9	Forerunner K1	8
10	Forerunner S1	8
11	Kepler K2 Bumblebee	8
12	Kinisi 01	8
13	Kinisi KR1	8
14	Kuavo-5	8
15	Pudu D7	8

Highest payload capacity

Rank	Robot	Payload (kg)
1	Spaceo Pro	200
2	RAISE A1	80
3	Spaceo M1	60
4	Bimanual	50
5	Fourier GR-1	50
6	Qinglong V3.0	40
7	TITAN	40
8	Codroid 02	35
9	XPENG IRON	35
10	Atlas	30
11	Unitree H1	30
12	Moz1	26
13	1X Neo	25
14	Apollo	25
15	Forerunner D1	25

History

The development of humanoid robots has a long history spanning several decades.

Early pioneers (1960s-2000s)

The first humanoid robot prototypes emerged in the 1960s and 1970s at universities in Japan, including Waseda University's WABOT-1 (1973), the first full-scale anthropomorphic robot. Honda began its humanoid robotics program in 1986, eventually producing the E-series prototypes that led to ASIMO in 2000. ASIMO became the world's most recognized humanoid robot, demonstrating bipedal walking, running, stair climbing, and basic object manipulation over its 22-year lifespan before retirement in 2022.

Boston Dynamics era (2013-2023)

Boston Dynamics introduced the original Atlas in 2013 as a DARPA Robotics Challenge platform. Over the following decade, Atlas became the benchmark for dynamic humanoid locomotion, demonstrating parkour, backflips, and dance routines that went viral worldwide. The hydraulic Atlas was retired in April 2024 and replaced by an all-electric version designed for commercial applications.

The commercial wave (2023-present)

Starting in late 2022 and accelerating through 2023-2026, a major wave of new humanoid robot companies and products emerged. Tesla unveiled Optimus prototypes at AI Day events, Figure AI raised billions in venture funding, and Chinese companies including Unitree, UBTECH, and AgiBot brought products to market at price points ranging from $16,000 to $250,000. By 2026, multiple humanoid robots were deployed in real factory settings, with Figure 02 working at BMW and Atlas at Hyundai facilities.

Key technologies

Humanoid robots rely on several core technology areas:

• Actuators: Most modern humanoids use electric actuators (brushless DC motors with harmonic or cycloidal reducers). Some, like Clone Alpha, experiment with artificial muscles. Boston Dynamics previously used hydraulic actuators but switched to electric for the latest Atlas.
• Computer vision: Stereo cameras, depth sensors, and LiDAR provide environmental perception. Many robots use NVIDIA Jetson or Orin platforms for real-time visual processing.
• AI and learning: Modern humanoids increasingly use reinforcement learning for locomotion, imitation learning for manipulation, and large language models for natural language understanding and task planning.
• Battery technology: Lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries provide 2 to 8 hours of typical operation. Battery life remains a primary constraint for deployment.
• Dexterous hands: Hand designs range from simple grippers (2-3 fingers) to fully dexterous hands with 16+ degrees of freedom per hand, as seen on Figure 02 and Astribot S1.

See also

• Humanoid robot
• AI robotics
• Robot locomotion
• Robot manipulation
• Robot Operating System
• Boston Dynamics
• Tesla Optimus

References

1. HumanoidSpecs.com
2. Boston Dynamics Atlas
3. Figure AI
4. Unitree Robotics
5. UBTECH Robotics