Sovereign AI

Sovereign AI is a nation's capability to develop, operate, and control artificial intelligence using its own computing infrastructure, data, workforce, and (often) its own models, rather than depending on foreign technology providers. The concept holds that a country's AI capacity, including its data centers, datasets, trained models, and AI talent, should sit under national control as a matter of economic competitiveness, national security, and cultural autonomy ^[1]. McKinsey estimates that sovereignty requirements could influence 30 to 40 percent of global AI spending, representing a market of roughly $500 billion to $600 billion by 2030 ^[13].

The term was popularized by NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang, who used it prominently at the World Government Summit in Dubai in February 2024 and at NVIDIA GTC 2024 in March of that year. Huang argued that every country needs to own the production of its own intelligence, telling world leaders in Dubai: "It codifies your culture, your society's intelligence, your common sense, your history. You own your own data" ^[2]. Since then, sovereign AI has become a central framework for national AI strategies worldwide, with countries committing hundreds of billions of dollars to domestic AI infrastructure, training local language models, and establishing regulatory frameworks for AI governance.

What is sovereign AI?

Sovereign AI encompasses several interconnected dimensions, often described as pillars or layers:

The concept draws on broader ideas of digital sovereignty and data sovereignty, but focuses specifically on AI capabilities. A country pursuing sovereign AI does not necessarily aim for complete autarky; rather, it seeks to ensure that critical AI capabilities can be maintained and governed domestically, even if international partnerships and supply chains remain important ^[1].

Why do countries want sovereign AI?

Several factors drive nations to pursue sovereign AI capabilities.

National security

AI is increasingly central to defense, intelligence, and cybersecurity. Countries that depend entirely on foreign AI systems for national security applications face supply chain risks, potential access restrictions, and the possibility that foreign providers could modify or withdraw services during geopolitical conflicts. Sovereign AI capabilities ensure that critical defense and intelligence applications can operate independently ^[1].

Economic competitiveness

AI is projected to contribute trillions of dollars to the global economy over the coming decades. Countries without domestic AI capabilities risk becoming consumers rather than producers of AI technology, creating economic dependency and missing the value creation associated with AI development. Sovereign AI is increasingly viewed as essential infrastructure for economic growth, comparable to energy grids and transportation networks ^[3]. McKinsey frames sovereign AI as an ecosystem effort that links energy, compute, data, models, cloud platforms, and applications into one coherent system, and estimates the addressable market at $500 billion to $600 billion by 2030 ^[13].

Data sovereignty and privacy

When national data (government records, healthcare information, financial data, citizens' personal information) is processed by foreign AI systems, it may be subject to foreign jurisdictions, surveillance, or exploitation. Sovereign AI ensures that sensitive data remains under national control and is governed by domestic privacy and security laws. Data-localization and data-residency rules, such as France's SecNumCloud certification for public-sector cloud and Saudi Arabia's Personal Data Protection Law, are a major driver of sovereign cloud and sovereign AI demand ^[3].

Cultural and linguistic preservation

Most commercial AI models are primarily trained on English-language data, which means they perform best in English and may inadequately represent other languages, cultures, and knowledge systems. Countries with non-English-speaking populations have a particular interest in training AI models on their own languages and cultural data to ensure that AI systems can serve their citizens effectively and preserve linguistic heritage ^[4]. This motivation is captured in Huang's framing that a nation's data "codifies your culture, your society's intelligence, your common sense, your history" ^[2].

Strategic autonomy

The concentration of AI capability in a small number of companies (primarily American and Chinese) creates a dependency that many nations view as strategically untenable. Sovereign AI provides a path to strategic autonomy, the ability to make independent decisions about AI development and deployment without being constrained by the policies, priorities, or geopolitical alignments of foreign technology providers ^[3].

Export controls as a driver

US export controls on advanced AI chips have made dependency risks concrete. By restricting which countries can buy the most capable GPUs, and under what conditions, export policy has pushed many governments to seek guaranteed domestic compute and, in some cases, domestic chip development. The result is that export controls simultaneously motivate sovereign AI investment (by demonstrating the risk of dependency) and constrain it (by limiting access to the best hardware) ^[12].

Which countries are building sovereign AI?

Countries around the world have launched sovereign AI programs with varying scales, strategies, and levels of investment.

France

France has positioned itself as Europe's leading sovereign AI nation. On 9 February 2025, the eve of the AI Action Summit in Paris (10-11 February), President Emmanuel Macron announced 109 billion euros (about $112.6 billion) of private AI investment in France, which he called "the equivalent for France of what the United States announced with Stargate" ^[5]. A central element is France's partnership with Mistral AI, a Paris-based startup founded in 2023 by former Google DeepMind and Meta researchers ^[5].

Mistral AI has become the flagship of European AI sovereignty. In June 2025 the company announced "Mistral Compute," a sovereign cloud platform powered by 18,000 NVIDIA Grace Blackwell systems in its first phase, hosted at a data center in Essonne ^[21]. Mistral's models, including Mistral Large and Mistral NeMo, are designed to serve European languages and comply with EU data governance requirements.

France's AI investment is partly funded through a France-UAE AI alliance, which includes a commitment of 30 to 50 billion euros toward a large French data center campus, with a further 20 billion euros from Canadian investment firm Brookfield ^[5]. This pattern illustrates how sovereign AI strategies increasingly involve international cooperation even as they aim for national capability.

UAE

The United Arab Emirates has pursued one of the world's most aggressive sovereign AI strategies. The Technology Innovation Institute (TII) in Abu Dhabi developed the Falcon series of open-source large language models, including Falcon-180B, which was among the most capable open models at its release. A separate Arabic-English bilingual model, Jais-13B, was released in August 2023 by G42's Inception together with Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI) and Cerebras Systems ^[18].

The UAE's approach combines open-source model development with massive infrastructure investment. Core42, a subsidiary of Abu Dhabi's G42, operates sovereign cloud infrastructure in partnership with Microsoft, while G42 is building Stargate UAE, a 1-gigawatt AI cluster to be operated by OpenAI and Oracle inside a planned 5-gigawatt UAE-US AI Campus in Abu Dhabi, with an initial 200 megawatts scheduled for 2026 ^[17]. Abu Dhabi's sovereign cloud architecture is designed to keep data governance and residency local while enabling access to global AI innovations ^[6].

An October 2025 ranking by US data center company TRG Datacenters placed the UAE second in the world for AI compute, behind only the United States, crediting it with more than 188,000 AI chips ^[15].

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia's sovereign AI efforts are led by SDAIA (Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority) and HUMAIN, a company launched in May 2025 by the Public Investment Fund (PIF). At the US-Saudi Investment Forum in November 2025, HUMAIN and NVIDIA announced plans to deploy up to 600,000 NVIDIA GPUs across Saudi Arabia and beyond over three years, including NVIDIA GB300 systems, building on a first cluster of roughly 18,000 GB300 GPUs announced in May 2025 ^[7]. That three-year deployment window runs into 2028.

HUMAIN and xAI agreed to jointly develop a network of data centers in Saudi Arabia, anchored by a flagship facility of more than 500 megawatts, with Elon Musk's xAI named as an early customer ^[7]. The kingdom's AI strategy is closely tied to its Vision 2030 economic diversification program, which seeks to reduce dependence on oil revenue by developing technology sectors including AI, and NVIDIA's Jensen Huang said at the forum that "Saudi Arabia intends to be a leading global AI hub" ^[7].

South Korea

In late October 2025, South Korea announced one of the largest national AI infrastructure programs to date: in partnership with NVIDIA and a coalition of Korea's leading companies, the country plans to add more than 260,000 NVIDIA GPUs across sovereign clouds and AI factories ^[8]. Financial terms were not disclosed; Korean media valued the deal at up to about $10 billion ^[27].

Samsung Electronics, SK Group, and Hyundai Motor Group are each building AI factories with about 50,000 or more NVIDIA GPUs (NVIDIA Blackwell in Hyundai's case), while the Ministry of Science and ICT plans to deploy up to 50,000 GPUs over several years, starting with an initial 13,000, through national cloud providers including NHN Cloud, Kakao, and NAVER Cloud ^[8]. This public-private partnership model reflects South Korea's strategy of leveraging its world-class semiconductor and electronics industries to build sovereign AI capabilities and to become one of the top three global AI powers ^[8].

Japan

Japan's sovereign AI strategy focuses on developing AI capabilities that serve the Japanese language and Japan's unique economic and demographic needs. The government's cutting-edge public supercomputer for AI research, ABCI 3.0, began full-scale operations in early 2025 ^[3].

Japan collaborates with NVIDIA to upskill its workforce and support Japanese language model development. Public-private partnerships include SoftBank Corp.'s work on building a generative AI platform for 5G and 6G applications and a network of distributed AI factories. Japan's approach emphasizes integration of AI into manufacturing, robotics, and addressing the country's aging population ^[9].

India

India's IndiaAI Mission, approved in March 2024 with a budget outlay of 10,371.92 crore rupees ^[23], aims to develop national AI infrastructure, data platforms, and computing capabilities. On 26 April 2025 the government selected Sarvam AI to build India's sovereign large language model ^[14], designed to support India's 22 scheduled languages ^[1]. The IndiaAI foundation-model call had received 506 proposals by 30 April 2025, and in May 2025 three more startups were selected alongside Sarvam ^[14]. Sarvam received state support including subsidized access to 4,096 NVIDIA H100 GPUs and said it was collaborating with AI4Bharat at IIT Madras on a family of models (Sarvam-Large, Sarvam-Small, and Sarvam-Edge) designed for reasoning and voice-first use ^[24].

India faces unique challenges: a massive and linguistically diverse population, limited existing compute infrastructure (the IndiaAI Mission's shared compute pool totalled 34,333 GPUs in May 2025 ^[14]), and the need to balance rapid AI adoption with data privacy concerns. The IndiaAI initiative focuses on making AI accessible across government services, agriculture, healthcare, and education ^[3].

European Union collective efforts

Beyond individual member states, the EU pursues sovereign AI at the collective level through several mechanisms. The EU AI Act, which began phased implementation in 2024, establishes the world's most comprehensive AI regulatory framework, creating a distinctly European approach to AI governance. The EuroHPC Joint Undertaking provides shared supercomputing infrastructure across member states ^[10].

At the 2025 AI Action Summit, the European Commission launched the InvestAI initiative, aiming to mobilize around 200 billion euros of AI investment across the EU, including 20 billion euros for several "AI gigafactories," each envisioned with roughly 100,000 next-generation AI chips ^[11]. A call for expressions of interest that closed in June 2025 drew 76 submissions for 60 sites in 16 member states, foreseeing the acquisition of at least three million latest-generation processors ^[26]; the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking published the formal call in July 2026 ^[11]. The Large European AI Models (LEAM) initiative aims to develop foundation models trained on European languages and data. Individual member states also operate their own programs: Germany is getting an industrial AI cloud with 10,000 NVIDIA Blackwell GPUs, built with Deutsche Telekom, Italy's Fastweb trained its MIIA Italian language model on its own NVIDIA supercomputer, and Telenor is expanding sovereign AI infrastructure in Norway ^[21].

How much compute does sovereign AI require?

Computing infrastructure is the foundational layer of sovereign AI. Training large AI models requires thousands or tens of thousands of high-end GPUs operating in parallel, and running AI inference at national scale requires substantial ongoing compute capacity.

National GPU clusters

Countries are building GPU clusters of unprecedented scale specifically for AI workloads. These installations range from a few thousand GPUs for smaller nations to hundreds of thousands for major powers.

Estimates of national AI compute vary widely and are often not comparable. An October 2025 ranking by TRG Datacenters credited the UAE with 23.1 million "H100 equivalents" from more than 188,000 AI chips, second only to the United States ^[15], while Epoch AI estimated in January 2026 that the entire world's installed AI computing capacity was a little over 15 million H100 equivalents ^[16]. Whatever the method, the United States holds by far the largest share, and Gulf states with sovereign wealth and access to US chips have moved quickly up such rankings. The disparity has prompted calls for international cooperation to ensure that sovereign AI does not become a privilege limited to wealthy nations.

Government cloud and AI factories

The concept of "AI factories," popularized by Jensen Huang, describes data centers specifically designed and optimized for AI training and inference rather than general-purpose cloud computing. NVIDIA's vision positions AI factories as national infrastructure, comparable to power plants or telecommunications networks ^[2].

Government sovereign clouds differ from commercial cloud services in several key ways: data is stored and processed within national borders under local legal jurisdiction; the government retains control over access policies; and critical national workloads are insulated from foreign commercial decisions. Several countries operate dedicated government AI clouds alongside commercial sovereign cloud offerings. The broader sovereign cloud market, which underpins many of these efforts, is itself forecast to grow into the hundreds of billions of dollars by the early 2030s ^[1].

What are sovereign AI models?

Training AI models on local languages and data is a core element of sovereign AI. While English-language models from American companies dominate the global market, they may perform poorly on other languages, lack cultural context, and process data through foreign infrastructure.

Language-specific models

Sovereign AI programs typically prioritize developing or fine-tuning language models that perform well in national languages. Examples include:

• Falcon (UAE): Open-source models from TII, with Arabic language capabilities
• Jais (UAE): An Arabic-English bilingual model developed by G42's Inception with MBZUAI and Cerebras Systems
• Mistral (France): Models with strong European language support
• SEA-LION (Singapore): Models trained on Southeast Asian languages including Malay, Thai, Vietnamese, Indonesian, and others
• Sarvam (India): Models supporting all 22 official Indian languages
• Japanese LLMs: Multiple models developed by Japanese companies and research institutions for the Japanese language

Open-source as a sovereignty strategy

Several sovereign AI programs have embraced open-source AI as a strategic choice. The UAE's Falcon models and many of France's Mistral models are released as open-weight models (some under Apache 2.0, others under custom licenses), allowing other countries to build on them. This approach serves multiple purposes: it builds international goodwill, attracts developer communities, enables independent auditing, and ensures that sovereign capabilities are not locked into proprietary ecosystems ^[6].

What are the challenges of sovereign AI?

Talent acquisition and retention

AI talent is globally scarce and heavily concentrated in a small number of countries, primarily the United States. Countries pursuing sovereign AI must compete for a limited pool of researchers and engineers, often against significantly higher compensation offered by American technology companies. Brain drain is a persistent concern: researchers trained in national programs may be recruited away by international firms ^[3].

Compute access and chip supply chains

The global supply chain for AI chips is highly concentrated. NVIDIA dominates the market for AI training GPUs, and advanced chip manufacturing is concentrated in a single company, TSMC in Taiwan. This concentration creates strategic vulnerabilities for countries dependent on imported chips ^[12].

US-China chip export controls

US export controls on advanced AI chips have significantly shaped the sovereign AI landscape. Beginning in 2022, the United States restricted exports of high-end GPUs (including NVIDIA's A100 and H100) to China. NVIDIA developed restricted variants (H800, H20) for the Chinese market, but these have reduced capabilities ^[12].

The Biden administration's "AI Diffusion Rule" of January 2025 established global performance thresholds that blocked sales of flagship GPUs to China and created a tiered system for other countries. The Trump administration scrapped the tiered diffusion framework in May 2025, and after requiring licenses for H20 sales to China in April 2025 began approving them in July 2025 ^[12]. In December 2025 President Trump said NVIDIA H200 chips could be sold to approved Chinese customers, with 25 percent of the revenue going to the US government ^[19].

These export controls have had cascading effects on sovereign AI globally. Countries that previously relied on US-supplied chips have been motivated to develop domestic semiconductor capabilities or seek alternative suppliers. China has accelerated investment in domestic chip development, including Huawei's Ascend series, though these remain significantly behind NVIDIA's latest offerings in performance ^[12].

Cost and sustainability

Building sovereign AI infrastructure is enormously expensive. The energy requirements of AI data centers raise environmental concerns, particularly for countries with carbon reduction commitments. A single large-scale AI training run can consume as much electricity as thousands of homes use in a year. Sovereign AI programs must balance the demand for compute capacity with energy availability, cost, and environmental sustainability ^[1].

Avoiding fragmentation

Critics of sovereign AI warn that excessive nationalization could fragment the global AI ecosystem, reducing the benefits of shared research, interoperable systems, and open collaboration. If every country trains models solely on local data and operates isolated AI infrastructure, the resulting systems may be less capable than globally trained models and may create barriers to international cooperation. McKinsey has also warned that many sovereign AI initiatives risk stalling because they treat sovereignty as a single project rather than as a coordinated ecosystem spanning energy, compute, data, models, and applications ^[3][13].

What is NVIDIA's role in sovereign AI?

NVIDIA has positioned itself as the primary enabler and advocate of sovereign AI worldwide. The company's sovereign AI strategy serves both a commercial purpose (selling GPUs to national programs) and a geopolitical role (positioning NVIDIA as an essential partner for national AI ambitions).

AI Nations initiative

Since 2019, NVIDIA's AI Nations initiative has helped countries build sovereign AI capabilities, including ecosystem enablement and workforce development. The program has expanded to cover every region of the globe ^[2].

Jensen Huang's five-layer model

Huang has described AI infrastructure as a "five-layer cake":

1. Energy: Power generation and distribution
2. Chips and computing infrastructure: GPU clusters and networking
3. Cloud data centers: Sovereign and commercial cloud platforms
4. AI models: Foundation models and domain-specific models
5. Applications: Industry-specific and consumer-facing AI applications

NVIDIA's sovereign AI partnerships typically involve the company providing technology and expertise across multiple layers, particularly chips, infrastructure, and model training support ^[2].

Partnership scope

NVIDIA has announced sovereign AI partnerships with dozens of countries. Notable recent agreements include South Korea (260,000+ GPUs), the United Kingdom (up to 120,000 Blackwell GPUs and up to 11 billion pounds with Nscale, CoreWeave and others ^[20]), France (18,000 Grace Blackwell systems with Mistral ^[21]), Germany (10,000 Blackwell GPUs with Deutsche Telekom), Saudi Arabia (HUMAIN, up to 600,000 GPUs), Abu Dhabi (Oracle-NVIDIA sovereign AI services), and multiple African nations through Cassava Technologies (beginning with South Africa, expanding to Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, and Nigeria) ^[7][8][9].

At GTC Paris in June 2025, Jensen Huang said NVIDIA planned at least 20 AI factories across Europe, five of them at gigafactory scale ^[22].

How does sovereign AI relate to AI governance?

Sovereign AI intersects with AI governance in complex ways. Countries that control their own AI infrastructure and models are better positioned to enforce national AI regulations, including safety requirements, content standards, and ethical guidelines. The EU AI Act exemplifies this: its classification of AI systems by risk level and its requirements for transparency and accountability are more enforceable when the regulated systems operate on infrastructure within EU jurisdiction ^[10].

However, sovereign AI also raises governance challenges. Authoritarian governments may use sovereign AI capabilities for surveillance, censorship, or social control without the oversight that comes with reliance on foreign platforms governed by democratic legal systems. The same infrastructure that enables a country to protect its citizens' data can also be used to monitor them ^[3].

What is the current state of sovereign AI (2026)?

As of early 2026, sovereign AI has moved from a conceptual framework to an active global infrastructure buildout. Several trends define the current landscape.

First, investment continues to accelerate. France's 109 billion euro commitment at the 2025 AI Action Summit, the EU's ~200 billion euro InvestAI program, Saudi Arabia's up-to-600,000-GPU HUMAIN partnership, and South Korea's 260,000-GPU initiative represent new scales of national AI investment. Total global investment in sovereign AI infrastructure across all countries is now measured in the hundreds of billions of dollars ^{[5][7][8][11]}.

Second, the geographic scope of sovereign AI is expanding. While early sovereign AI efforts were concentrated in wealthy nations and Gulf states, programs are now emerging across Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. NVIDIA's partnerships with Cassava Technologies in Africa and with Thailand and Vietnam reflect this broadening ^[9].

Third, the relationship between sovereign AI and US-China technology competition continues to evolve. US chip export controls have simultaneously motivated sovereign AI investment (by demonstrating the risks of dependency) and constrained it (by limiting access to the most advanced hardware). The shifting regulatory landscape under successive US administrations creates uncertainty for countries planning long-term sovereign AI infrastructure ^[12].

Fourth, sovereign AI is increasingly becoming public infrastructure. A December 2025 essay by an academic affiliated with the Swiss Institute of Artificial Intelligence argued that sovereign AI is evolving from national security projects into public infrastructure, comparable to roads, power grids, and telecommunications networks. This framing has implications for how sovereign AI is funded, governed, and made accessible to citizens and businesses ^[25].

Finally, the tension between sovereignty and collaboration remains unresolved. The most capable AI systems benefit from diverse, global training data and the contributions of international research communities, so purely national approaches risk producing less capable systems. The most successful sovereign AI strategies, like France's partnership with the UAE or South Korea's collaboration with global technology companies, find ways to maintain national control while benefiting from international cooperation.

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• NvidiaNvidia Corporation is an American technology company that designs graphics processing units (GPUs) and is the world's dominant supplier of hardware for artificial intelligenceMentioned 41 times above
• GGraphics processing unitA graphics processing unit (GPU) is a processor designed to execute many similar operations in parallel.Mentioned 30 times above
• HHUMAINHUMAIN is a Saudi Arabian artificial intelligence company launched on 12 May 2025 and owned by the Public Investment Fund (PIF), the kingdom's roughly trillion-dollar sovereign wealth fund.Mentioned 6 times above
• G42G42 (legally Group 42 Holding Ltd) is an artificial intelligence and cloud computing holding company headquartered in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, that functions as the Emirates' national AI champion.Mentioned 5 times above
• AAI governanceAI governance is the collection of frameworks, norms, standards, policies, and institutional arrangements that guide the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence systems so that they are…Mentioned 4 times above
• Mistral AIMistral AI is a French artificial intelligence company that develops large language models, multimodal models, software for building and operating AI systems, and computing infrastructure.Mentioned 3 times above

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• EU AI Act
• Open-source AI
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Topics:AI Policy & RegulationArtificial Intelligence

References

1. ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5 ^6How Nations Are Deploying AI for Strategic Priorities (formerly "What Is Sovereign AI?") - NVIDIA Blog
2. ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5NVIDIA CEO: Every Country Needs Sovereign AI - NVIDIA Blog
3. ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5 ^6 ^7 ^8Sovereign AI: What it is, country playbooks & data centre strategy (2025) - STL Partners
4. ^Sovereign AI: The Global Shift Toward National AI Models - SoluLab
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6. ^1 ^2Oracle and NVIDIA to Deliver Sovereign AI Worldwide - NVIDIA Newsroom
7. ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5HUMAIN Expands Strategic Partnership with NVIDIA, Advancing Global AI Infrastructure with xAI, Global AI, and AWS - PR Newswire
8. ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5Nvidia, South Korea Government and Industrial Giants Build AI Infrastructure - NVIDIA Newsroom
9. ^1 ^2 ^3World Leaders Put Spotlight on Sovereign AI at NVIDIA GTC - NVIDIA Blog
10. ^1 ^2Sovereign AI in 2025 - Cambridge Core
11. ^1 ^2 ^3InvestAI initiative and the AI Gigafactories call - European Commission
12. ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5 ^6AI Export Controls: Navigating Chip Restrictions Globally - Introl Blog
13. ^1 ^2 ^3The sovereign AI agenda: Moving from ambition to reality - McKinsey
14. ^1 ^2 ^3India's Common Compute Capacity Crosses 34,000 GPUs; 3 More Startups to Develop and Deploy Indian Foundation Models - Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Electronics & IT (30 May 2025)
15. ^1 ^2UAE Ranks Second Globally in AI Superpower Rankings (TRG Datacenters report) - UAE Embassy in Washington, October 2025
16. ^Global AI compute hits 15 million H100 equivalents, Epoch AI finds - The Decoder, 9 January 2026
17. ^G42, OpenAI, Oracle, NVIDIA, SoftBank, Cisco launch Stargate UAE from UAE-US AI Campus in Abu Dhabi - Intelligent CIO, 23 May 2025
18. ^G42 subsidiary Inception releases Arabic language open-source AI model Jais - Abu Dhabi Media Office, August 2023
19. ^Trump says Nvidia can sell H200s to China, if Washington gets a 25 percent cut - The Register, 9 December 2025
20. ^NVIDIA and United Kingdom Build Nation's AI Infrastructure and Ecosystem - NVIDIA Newsroom, September 2025
21. ^1 ^2 ^3Europe Builds AI Infrastructure With NVIDIA to Fuel Region's Next Industrial Transformation - NVIDIA Newsroom, 11 June 2025
22. ^Nvidia unveils plan for 20 new AI factories across Europe - Daily Sabah, 13 June 2025
23. ^Cabinet Approves Ambitious IndiaAI Mission to Strengthen the AI Innovation Ecosystem - Press Information Bureau, 7 March 2024
24. ^India's Sovereign LLM - Sarvam AI
25. ^Sovereign AI Is Becoming Public Infrastructure - The Economy (economy.ac), 3 December 2025
26. ^Overwhelming response as 76 respondents express interest in the European AI Gigafactories initiative - European Commission, 30 June 2025
27. ^How 260,000 Nvidia chips may transform AI - The Star (Asia News Network), 3 November 2025

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