Feature Extraction Models
Feature extraction models are machine learning systems that transform raw inputs such as text, images, or audio into dense numerical vectors known as embeddings or hidden-state representations.
AI Models
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Fill-Mask Models
Fill-mask models are language models trained with a masked language modeling (MLM) objective, in which a fraction of the tokens in an input sequence are hidden behind a special [MASK] symbol and the model…
Flamingo (visual language model)
Flamingo is a family of visual language models (VLMs) built by DeepMind and introduced in April 2022 that brought few-shot, in-context learning to multimodal inputs.
Florence-2
Florence-2 is a vision foundation model developed by Microsoft Research that handles a wide range of computer vision and vision-language tasks through a single unified
Foundation Models
A foundation model is a machine learning model trained on broad data, generally with self-supervision at scale, that can be adapted to a wide range of downstream tasks.
FoxBrain
FoxBrain is a family of large language models developed by the AI Research Center of Hon Hai Research Institute (HHRI, 鴻海研究院), the research arm of Foxconn (Hon Hai Technology Group).
Frontis-MA1
Frontis-MA1 is a family of open-weight large language models post-trained to act as agents for machine learning engineering (MLE), released in late July 2026 by FrontisAI
GAIA-2 (Wayve)
GAIA-2 (Generative AI for Autonomy 2) is a controllable, multi-camera generative world model for autonomous driving, announced by the British self-driving company Wayve on 26 March 2025.
GAIA-3 (Wayve)
GAIA-3 is a 15-billion-parameter generative world model for autonomous driving released by Wayve on 2 December 2025, the third generation in the company's GAIA family.
GAIA-4 (Wayve)
GAIA-4 is a multimodal generative world model for closed-loop autonomous driving simulation, announced by the British self-driving company Wayve on 3 August 2026 as the latest generation of its GAIA family.
GEM (Meta)
GEM (Generative Ads Recommendation Model) is a proprietary foundation model for advertising recommendation developed by Meta Platforms.
GLM
GLM, short for General Language Model, is both a pretraining framework for language understanding and generation and the name of a model family developed by researchers associated with Tsinghua University and…
GLM-4
GLM-4 is the fourth-generation foundation model family from Zhipu AI, a Beijing company spun out of the Knowledge Engineering Group at Tsinghua University and now trading internationally as Z.ai.
GLM-4.5
GLM-4.5 is an open-weights large language model released by Zhipu AI (operating internationally as Z.ai) on July 28, 2025, built on a 355-billion-parameter Mixture of Experts architecture that activates 32…
GLM-4.6
GLM-4.6 is a flagship open-weight large language model released by Zhipu AI under its international brand Z.ai on September 30, 2025, built on a sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture with roughly 357…
GLM-5
GLM-5 is an open-weight flagship large language model released by the Chinese AI company Zhipu AI, under its international brand Z.ai, on February 11, 2026.
GLM-5.3
GLM-5.3 is a text-input and text-output large language model from Z.ai, available through hosted services and downloadable checkpoints.
GLM-5.3-Flash
GLM-5.3-Flash is an open-weight, natively multimodal mixture-of-experts large language model released by Z.ai on August 26, 2026.
GLM-Legal
GLM-Legal is a large language model for legal work developed by Z.ai, the international brand of Zhipu AI.
GPT
GPT, short for Generative Pre-trained Transformer, is the name of a model family developed by OpenAI.
GPT Image 1
GPT Image 1 (API identifier gpt-image-1) is a natively multimodal image generation model developed by OpenAI, integrated into ChatGPT on March 25, 2025, and released as a standalone API on April 23, 2025.
GPT Image 2
GPT Image 2 (API model gpt-image-2, marketed inside the product as ChatGPT Images 2.0) is an image-generation model released by OpenAI on April 21, 2026.
GPT Image 2.5
GPT Image 2.5 is a family of image generation and editing models released by OpenAI on September 8, 2026.
GPT Model Timeline (GPT-1 to GPT-5.x)
OpenAI's GPT lineage runs from GPT-1 (June 2018, 117 million parameters, a 512-token context window) to the GPT-5.6 "Sol, Terra, Luna" family that entered limited preview on June 26, 2026.
GPT-3.5
GPT-3.5 is a family of large language models developed by OpenAI. OpenAI used the name for the series from which it fine-tuned the model behind the original ChatGPT research preview, launched on November 30
GPT-4 Turbo
GPT-4 Turbo is a family of large language models released by OpenAI as a faster, cheaper, and longer-context variant of GPT-4.
GPT-4.1
GPT-4.1 is a family of multimodal large language models developed by OpenAI and announced on April 14, 2025, with a 1 million token context window and a SWE-bench Verified coding score of 54.6%
GPT-4.1 mini
GPT-4.1 mini is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released on April 14, 2025 as the mid-size member of the GPT-4.1 family.
GPT-4.5
GPT-4.5 is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released as a research preview on February 27, 2025, then deprecated and removed from the API on July 14, 2025, less than five months later.
GPT-4o
GPT-4o (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 Omni) is a natively multimodal large language model developed by OpenAI and announced on May 13, 2024 at the company's "Spring Update" livestream.
GPT-5
GPT-5 is a family of proprietary large language models released by OpenAI on August 7, 2025.
GPT-5.1
GPT-5.1 is a family of large language models developed by OpenAI and released on November 12, 2025.
GPT-5.2
GPT-5.2 is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released on December 11, 2025. It is the second major update to the GPT-5 series, succeeding GPT-5.1, which had been released about a month earlier.
GPT-5.3
GPT-5.3 is a family of large language models released by OpenAI in February and March 2026 as part of the GPT-5 lineage.
GPT-5.4
GPT-5.4 is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released on March 5, 2026.
GPT-5.5
GPT-5.5 is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released on April 23, 2026.
GPT-5.6
GPT-5.6 is a family of proprietary multimodal large language models developed by OpenAI. The family entered a limited preview on June 26, 2026, and became generally available on July 9, 2026.
GPT-6 Astra
GPT-6 Astra is an OpenAI model that the company began rolling out on September 3, 2026, describing it as "the world's most intelligent and aligned model" and as the successor to the GPT-5.6 family.
GPT-6 Sol
GPT-6 Sol is a proprietary large language model developed by OpenAI and released on September 22, 2026, together with a smaller companion model, GPT-6 Luna.
GPT-6.1 Sol
GPT-6.1 Sol is a proprietary large language model developed by OpenAI and released on September 29, 2026, at the company's DevDay 2026 event.
GPT-6.1 Terra
GPT-6.1 Terra is a proprietary large language model developed by OpenAI and released on October 26, 2026.
GPT-Live
GPT-Live is a family of full-duplex voice models developed by OpenAI for continuous spoken interaction.
GPT-Rosalind
GPT-Rosalind is a family of frontier reasoning models for the life sciences, developed by OpenAI and first released on April 16, 2026.
GPT-Rosalind-6
GPT-Rosalind-6 is a life sciences reasoning model from OpenAI, announced on October 30, 2026, for biology, drug discovery and translational medicine.
GPT-Transcribe
GPT-Transcribe (gpt-transcribe) and GPT-Live-Transcribe (gpt-live-transcribe) are two closed-weight speech-to-text models that OpenAI added to its API on July 28, 2026.
Gato (DeepMind)
Gato is a single generalist AI agent built by DeepMind and described in the May 2022 paper "A Generalist Agent" (arXiv:2205.06175).
Gemini 2.5 Flash
Gemini 2.5 Flash is a fast, cost-optimized multimodal large language model developed by Google DeepMind and the mid-tier member of the Gemini 2.5 family.
Gemini 2.5 Pro
Gemini 2.5 Pro is the flagship reasoning large language model of Google's Gemini 2.5 family, developed by Google DeepMind and first released as an experimental preview on March 25, 2025
Gemini 3
Gemini 3 is the third major generation of the Gemini family of multimodal models from Google DeepMind, launched on November 18, 2025 with Gemini 3 Pro as the flagship and described by Google as "our most…
Gemini 3 Flash
Gemini 3 Flash is a multimodal large language model released by Google on December 17, 2025 as the fast, lower-cost sibling to Gemini 3 Pro in the Gemini 3 family.
Gemini 3 Pro
Gemini 3 Pro was the flagship preview model in Google DeepMind's Gemini 3 family of multimodal models, launched on November 18, 2025 as what Google called "our most intelligent model." It became the first…
Gemini 3.5 Transcribe
Gemini 3.5 Transcribe is a family of speech recognition models developed by Google DeepMind and introduced by Google on August 26, 2026.
Gemini 3.6 Flash
Gemini 3.6 Flash is a proprietary, multimodal large language model released by Google on July 21, 2026. It belongs to the Gemini 3 series and uses the stable API identifier gemini-3.6-flash.
Gemini 3.7 Flash
Gemini 3.7 Flash is a proprietary, multimodal large language model released by Google on August 13, 2026.
Gemini 3.8 Flash
Gemini 3.8 Flash is a multimodal model in Google's Gemini family. Google DeepMind released it on September 2, 2026 as a generally available model for software engineering, tool-using agents, and knowledge work.
Gemini 3.8 Flash Cyber
Gemini 3.8 Flash Cyber is a restricted-access model for AI in cybersecurity in Google's Gemini family. Google DeepMind announced it on September 2, 2026 alongside the generally available Gemini 3.8 Flash.
Gemini 3.8 Flash TTS
Gemini 3.8 Flash TTS (model ID gemini-3.8-flash-tts) is a text-to-speech model from Google that turns text into single-speaker or two-speaker audio with line-by-line control over delivery.
Gemini 3.8 Flash-Lite TTS
Gemini 3.8 Flash-Lite TTS (model ID gemini-3.8-flash-lite-tts) is a text-to-speech model from Google that converts text into single-speaker or two-speaker audio.
Gemini 4 Argon
Gemini 4 Argon is a frontier large language model from Google DeepMind, announced on September 30, 2026 as the first model released under the Gemini 4 name in the Gemini family
Gemini 4 Carbon
Gemini 4 Carbon is a proprietary frontier large language model from Google DeepMind, announced on October 28, 2026 as the second model released under the Gemini 4 name in the Gemini family.