Revision History

Correction: the article stated that none of the four developer safety frameworks uses a compute threshold, which its own citation contradicts. Meta's Advanced AI Scaling Framework v2 added a 10^26 operation threshold as an alternative trigger in April 2026, and OpenAI maintains a separate compute-triggered Frontier Governance Framework. Also corrects OpenAI's research category list, a leaderboard placing, and the NIST AI 600-1 attribution

Grounded the concept in verifiable specifics: exact EU AI Act Article 51/52/55 and Annex XIII text and the 10^25 FLOP rebuttable presumption; current US executive-order position (EO 14110 thresholds revoked, EO 14179/14365, and EO 14409's voluntary NSA-designated 'covered frontier model' with no numeric threshold); California SB 1047 veto text and SB 53 (10^26 FLOP plus $500M revenue, 15-day incident reporting, $1M penalty) alongside NY GBS Article 44-B; the summit series through New Delhi 2026 and the UK AISI rename; the four company frameworks with current versions (Anthropic RSP 3.4, OpenAI Preparedness Framework v2, DeepMind FSF 3.1, Meta Advanced AI Scaling Framework v2, previously the Frontier AI Framework); Epoch AI compute and capability trend figures; a dated August 2026 snapshot from Artificial Analysis and Arena showing the two aggregators disagree; and the open-weights gap with the gpt-oss worst-case fine-tuning study. 23 new primary-source citations.

Correction: apply title case; distinguish the moving descriptive frontier, model and system evaluation, risk-management usage, and jurisdiction-specific legal definitions; remove unsupported product rosters, obsolete US policy, and false universal compute thresholds.

Added 6 contextual internal links

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