Revision History

Correction: the UL 3300 scope was quoted from the superseded 2021 Outline of Investigation rather than the current Edition 1; also corrects the EU machinery regulation application date per its corrigendum, the source of the totes in the GXO deployment, an abstention-rate attribution, and an inverted description of the IFR commercialization forecast

Depth and currency pass to August 2026. New Cost and economics section (primary-sourced platform prices, degrees of freedom and runtimes; Omdia shipment projections vs US industrial-robot installations). New Transmission ratio subsection on quasi-direct drive vs harmonic gearing, sourced to the MIT Cheetah IEEE T-RO paper. New Robot foundation models subsection (GR00T N1, pi-0.5, Gemini Robotics 1.5 and 2) with developer-reported success rates. Evaluation and evidence strengthened with 2026 benchmark-validity audits, the N<=25 sample-size critique, the abstention benchmark, and the walled-garden point about promotional video. Safety and standards rewritten from ISO primary text: ISO 10218:2025 scope exclusions for mobility and public access, ISO/TS 15066 absorption and current status, ISO/CD 25785-1 for dynamically stable robots, ISO/FDIS 13482 still at stage 50.00, ISO/CD 26264-1, ANSI/A3 R15.06 and R15.08, UL 3300, the IEEE-RAS humanoid study group gap, EU Machinery Regulation 2023/1230, and China MIIT standards work.

Correction: standardize the visible title and replace unsupported market forecasts, product catalogues, performance specifications, prices, and generalized capability claims with a source-audited account of humanoid-robot definitions, history, mechanics, control, learning, evaluation, deployments, safety, standards, and limitations.

Added 6 contextual internal links

Auto-saved before update

Auto-saved before update

Auto-saved before update

Auto-saved before update

Auto-saved before bulk wikilink fix

Auto-saved before wikilink update

No summary provided