Nash equilibrium
A Nash equilibrium is a combination of strategies, one for each player in a game, such that no player can raise their own payoff by changing strategy alone while everyone else keeps theirs unchanged.
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Showing 61-91 of 91 articles
Nonlinear
Nonlinear describes any function, model, or relationship that does not satisfy the property of linearity.
Normal distribution
The normal distribution, also called the Gaussian distribution, is a continuous probability distribution defined by two parameters.
NumPy
NumPy (short for Numerical Python) is the foundational open-source library for numerical and scientific computing in Python, providing an n-dimensional array object called ndarray along with a large collection…
NuminaMath
NuminaMath is a family of openly licensed competition-mathematics resources developed by the non-profit Project Numina, spanning the largest public dataset of competition math problems and solutions, a set of…
OpenAI Mathematics Collection
The OpenAI Mathematics Collection is a public collection of mathematical manuscripts and proof artifacts produced by an internal OpenAI model. OpenAI announced the release on October 6, 2026.
OpenAI Navier-Stokes Proposed Solution
OpenAI Navier-Stokes Proposed Solution is a proposed resolution of the Navier-Stokes existence and smoothness Millennium Prize Problem announced by OpenAI on September 8, 2026.
Partial derivative
A partial derivative measures how a multivariable function changes when one of its inputs is varied while every other input is held fixed.
Perplexity
Perplexity has two distinct meanings in artificial intelligence. In information theory and natural language processing, perplexity (PPL) is an intrinsic score for a probabilistic model: on a specified sequence
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Principal component analysis (PCA) is an unsupervised learning technique for dimensionality reduction that identifies the orthogonal directions of maximum variance in high-dimensional data and projects…
Prove2Me
Prove2Me is an open collaborative platform for formalizing mathematics in Lean 4, built by a group led by Tianyi Peng at Columbia University.
Qwen2-Math
Qwen2-Math is a series of mathematics-specialized large language models released by the Qwen team at Alibaba on 8 August 2024.
Qwen2.5-Math
Qwen2.5-Math is a family of mathematics-specialized large language models developed by the Qwen team at Alibaba Cloud and released in September 2024.
Scalar
A scalar is a single numerical value, a quantity with magnitude but no direction, and the simplest object in linear algebra and machine learning.
Shapley value
The Shapley value is a rule from cooperative game theory for dividing the payoff of a group among its members.
Sigmoid Function
The sigmoid function is a mathematical function that maps any real number to a value between 0 and 1 using the formula…
Similarity Measure
A similarity measure (also called a similarity function or similarity metric) is a real-valued function that quantifies the degree of resemblance between two objects, returning a large value when the objects…
Singular value decomposition
Singular value decomposition (SVD) is a matrix factorization that writes any real or complex m x n matrix…
Sparse Vector
A sparse vector is a vector in which most of the elements are zero, in contrast to a dense vector, in which most elements are non-zero.
Stacks Project in Lean
Stacks Project in Lean is an open-source library that translates material from the Stacks Project into machine-checkable mathematics in Lean.
Statistical learning theory
Statistical learning theory (SLT) is the mathematical framework that explains when and why machine learning algorithms generalize from a finite training sample to unseen data.
Tensor
In machine learning, a tensor is a multi-dimensional array of numbers that serves as the fundamental data structure for representing and manipulating data.
Tensor Rank
The rank of a tensor, also referred to as its order or degree, is the number of dimensions (axes or indices) needed to describe the tensor.
Tensor Shape
A tensor shape is a tuple of integers that describes the number of elements along each dimension (or axis) of a tensor.
Terence Tao
Terence Tao (born 1975 in Adelaide, Australia) is a mathematician at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he is a Distinguished Professor and holds the James and Carol Collins Chair in the College…
VC dimension
The Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension, almost always shortened to VC dimension, measures the capacity of a class of binary classifiers by asking how many points the class can label in every possible way.
Wasserstein GAN (WGAN)
A Wasserstein GAN (WGAN) is a generative adversarial network that trains its two networks to minimise the Wasserstein-1 distance, also called the Earth mover's distance, between the real data distribution and…
Wasserstein Loss
Wasserstein loss is a loss function for training generative models that measures the distance between two probability distributions as the Wasserstein-1 distance
Weighted Sum
A weighted sum is a mathematical operation that combines multiple input values by multiplying each value by a corresponding weight (coefficient) and then summing the results.
Wolfram GPT
Wolfram GPT is the integration of Wolfram|Alpha and the Wolfram Language with OpenAI's ChatGPT, giving the language model on-demand access to authoritative computational knowledge, real-time data feeds…
Yang-Mills Existence and Mass Gap
Yang-Mills existence and mass gap is one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems announced by the Clay Mathematics Institute (CMI) on 24 May 2000, each carrying a $1 million prize.