Xiaomi (robotics)

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Xiaomi Corporation is a Chinese multinational technology company whose Robotics Lab, established in Beijing in August 2021, builds quadruped and humanoid robots that by March 2026 were performing real assembly work in Xiaomi's own electric vehicle factory at a 90.2% task success rate.^[7][10] Best known as one of the world's three largest smartphone makers, Xiaomi has applied its expertise in hardware engineering, artificial intelligence, mass manufacturing, and smart ecosystem integration to a robotics line that runs from the open-source CyberDog quadruped (2021) to the full-size CyberOne bipedal humanoid robot (2022) and on to factory-deployed humanoid systems and an open-source 4.7-billion-parameter Vision-Language-Action model (2026).^[11][16]

Xiaomi's robotics program is distinguished by its integration with the company's broader "Human x Car x Home" ecosystem strategy, its commitment to open-source AI models, and CEO Lei Jun's stated vision that humanoid robots will become central to both industrial manufacturing and household life within the next decade.^[15] At the 2026 CyberOne factory unveiling, Xiaomi President Lu Weibing described the robots as "interns" on the production line, framing them as systems that still require supervision but can already do meaningful work.^[8]

Company background

Xiaomi was founded in April 2010 by Lei Jun in Beijing. The company initially focused on smartphones, rapidly growing into one of the world's top three smartphone manufacturers by shipping volume. Over time, Xiaomi diversified into a vast ecosystem of connected products, including smart home devices, wearables, laptops, televisions, and Internet of Things (IoT) appliances. By 2024, Xiaomi's AIoT (AI + IoT) platform connected over 500 million smart devices worldwide through its XiaoAI voice assistant and Mi Home platform.

In 2024, Xiaomi entered the electric vehicle market with the launch of the Xiaomi SU7 sedan, produced at a state-of-the-art factory in the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area spanning 720,000 square meters. The factory achieves a production cycle of 76 seconds per vehicle, with over 700 industrial robots operating around the clock and a 91% overall automation rate in key workshops.^[7] For the full year 2025, Xiaomi reported record total revenue of 457.3 billion yuan (about $66 billion), up 25% year on year, with adjusted net profit of 39.2 billion yuan, up 43.8%.^[30] Vehicle deliveries reached 411,082 units in 2025, a 200.4% increase, and the smart electric vehicle business turned profitable for the first time.^[30] R&D spending hit 33.1 billion yuan in 2025, and Xiaomi pledged to invest at least 60 billion yuan in AI over the following three years.^[30]

This combination of massive-scale hardware manufacturing, vertically integrated supply chains, advanced AI capabilities, and a connected device ecosystem provides the foundation for Xiaomi's robotics ambitions.

What is the Xiaomi Robotics Lab?

Xiaomi formally established its Robotics Lab in August 2021, signaling a strategic commitment to robotics research and development. The lab's research spans several focus areas:

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As of late 2025, Xiaomi's robotics division had over 250 open job positions across engineering roles, with a particular focus on dexterous manipulation. The company has been actively recruiting top-tier talent, including hiring Lu Zeyu, a former member of Tesla's Optimus dexterous hand team, who joined Xiaomi in late 2025 to lead dexterous hand R&D.^[19] During his tenure at Tesla, Lu Zeyu had been deeply involved in developing the Optimus robot's tactile sensors, dexterous grasping, and hand structure design.^[19]

CyberDog (2021)

The Robotics Lab's first product was CyberDog, an open-source bionic quadruped robot launched on August 10, 2021.^[3] Inspired by platforms like Boston Dynamics' Spot, CyberDog was designed as an accessible, developer-friendly robot at a fraction of the cost of comparable platforms.^[4]

CyberDog specifications

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CyberDog's capabilities included autonomous navigation, object tracking, SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping), obstacle avoidance, face recognition, voice recognition, and dynamic movements such as backflips.^[5] Xiaomi released the robot's system code and mechanical blueprints through the Xiaomi Open Source Community, fostering a collaborative developer ecosystem.^[3]

The project served a dual purpose: it provided Xiaomi with foundational experience in servo motor design, AI-driven locomotion control, and sensor integration, while also demonstrating the company's ability to deliver robotics hardware at consumer-friendly price points.

CyberDog 2 (2023)

Xiaomi released CyberDog 2 in August 2023, a significant upgrade designed to resemble a Doberman. At 8.9 kg with a height of 36.7 cm, the second-generation robot featured proprietary CyberGear micro-actuators, 19 high-precision sensors (including LiDAR and Intel RealSense D430), a maximum speed of 1.6 m/s, and integration with Xiaomi's XiaoAI smart home platform. Priced at 12,999 yuan (~$1,790), CyberDog 2 ran Ubuntu 18.04 with ROS 2 for developer accessibility.^[6]

CyberOne humanoid robot (2022)

CyberOne is a full-size bipedal humanoid robot unveiled on August 11, 2022, at a Xiaomi product launch event in Beijing.^[1] The robot was introduced by Lei Jun himself, who received a flower from CyberOne on stage in a demonstration that was widely covered in technology media.^[1] Standing 177 cm tall and weighing 52 kg, CyberOne represented Xiaomi's leap from quadruped to bipedal humanoid robotics.^[2]

CyberOne specifications

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CyberOne's design philosophy prioritized human-robot interaction and emotional intelligence rather than athletic performance.^[2] The robot's proprietary MiAI Vocal Emotion Identification Engine classifies a speaker's emotional state into one of 45 categories by analyzing tone, pitch, and cadence.^[1] The MiAI Environment Semantics Recognition Engine identifies 85 distinct types of ambient sound for situational awareness.^[1] Both engines were developed entirely in-house at the Xiaomi Robotics Lab.

The unveiling came just weeks before Tesla's AI Day on September 30, 2022, where Elon Musk presented the first prototype of Tesla Optimus. At the time of their respective debuts, CyberOne demonstrated more polished walking and object manipulation capabilities than Tesla's initial prototype, although Tesla's program has since advanced rapidly through multiple generations.^[2]

CyberOne was subsequently showcased at Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2023 in Barcelona, bringing the robot to an international audience.

AI and software platforms

Xiaomi has developed multiple AI models and software frameworks to power its robotics program, with a strong emphasis on open-source release.

MiMo-Embodied (November 2025)

In November 2025, Xiaomi released and open-sourced MiMo-Embodied, described as the industry's first cross-domain foundation model integrating autonomous driving and embodied AI.^[16] The 7-billion-parameter vision-language model achieved state-of-the-art performance across 17 embodied AI benchmarks (covering task planning, affordance prediction, and spatial understanding) and 12 autonomous driving benchmarks (covering environmental perception, status prediction, and driving planning).^[16] Xiaomi planned to deploy MiMo-Embodied across its robot vacuum cleaners, factory AGVs, and SU7 intelligent driving systems starting in Q1 2026.^[16]

Xiaomi-Robotics-0 (February 2026)

On February 12, 2026, Xiaomi announced Xiaomi-Robotics-0, a 4.7-billion-parameter open-source Vision-Language-Action (VLA) model designed for real-time robotic execution.^[11] The model represents Xiaomi's first-generation robot large-scale model, combining visual perception, natural language understanding, and direct robotic control in a single architecture.^[11] On the LIBERO benchmark it achieved a 98.7% average success rate under the standard evaluation protocol, outperforming all compared baselines, and it secured state-of-the-art results across the LIBERO, CALVIN, and SimplerEnv suites against more than 30 competing models.^[12]

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The architecture decouples the Vision-Language Model from the action generation component. The VLM processes visual inputs and language instructions, handling ambiguous commands and spatial reasoning.^[12] The Diffusion Transformer then uses flow matching to generate high-frequency, continuous action sequences.^[12] A post-training technique aligns consecutive predicted action chunks to enable smooth, real-time execution on physical robots.^[12]

TacRefineNet

TacRefineNet is Xiaomi's proprietary tactile perception and fine-tuning model, designed to enable robotic manipulation guided primarily by touch rather than vision alone. The system processes haptic feedback from tactile sensors across a robot's hands, allowing it to adapt to physical variables in real time. In factory environments where visual perception can be unreliable due to lighting changes or occlusion, TacRefineNet provides a complementary sensory channel.

Xiaomi open-sourced the TacRefineNet framework along with 61 hours of raw tactile data collected through sensorized tactile gloves worn by human operators, supporting broader research in robotic manipulation.^[13]

How does Xiaomi deploy humanoid robots in its factory?

In early March 2026, Xiaomi announced that humanoid robots derived from the CyberOne platform had begun performing real production tasks at its electric vehicle manufacturing facility in Beijing.^[7] Xiaomi President Lu Weibing described the robots as "interns" on the production line, marking one of the first instances of a consumer technology company deploying its own humanoid robots in its own factory.^[8] The deployment ran the in-house 4.7-billion-parameter Xiaomi-Robotics-0 VLA model combined with reinforcement learning.^[7]

Task and performance

The robots were stationed at a self-tapping nut assembly workstation in the die-casting workshop of Xiaomi's EV factory.^[7] The task required the robot to:

1. Pick self-tapping nuts from an automatic feeding device
2. Place them onto positioning fixtures
3. Coordinate with slide conveyors and automatic positioning systems
4. Complete automated tightening of floor components after integrated die-casting

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The primary technical challenge involved precise alignment and reliable engagement of self-tapping nuts, complicated by spline structures, non-fixed gripping positions, and magnetic interference.^[10] The hybrid motion control architecture combined optimization-based controllers running at sub-millisecond iteration speeds with reinforcement learning policies trained on multimodal sensory data.^[20]

The robots were also validated across additional workstations, including bin-picking tasks and front badge installation on vehicles.^[20]

Significance

The 90.2% success rate, while not yet matching the reliability required for fully autonomous factory operation, demonstrated that Xiaomi's humanoid platform could perform meaningful industrial work.^[10] The 3-hour continuous operation window and the ability to meet the production line's 76-second cycle time requirement showed practical viability for specific workstations.^[7] Lei Jun stated that Xiaomi plans to deploy "a large number" of humanoid robots across its factories within five years.^[9]

Bionic hand with thermal sweating (April 2026)

In April 2026, Xiaomi unveiled a significantly upgraded bionic hand for the CyberOne platform, introducing several innovations designed to address longstanding challenges in robotic manipulation and thermal management.^[13]

Physical redesign

The new hand achieved a 60% volume reduction compared to the previous version, shrinking from 228 x 105 x 64 mm to 187 x 88 x 36 mm.^[13] This brings the hand to a 1:1 proportional match with an average adult human hand (based on a 1.73 m body model). The redesign features a 50% increase in total degrees of freedom and an 83% jump in active degrees of freedom, bringing the hand into the 22 to 27 DOF range necessary to replicate authentic human hand kinematics.^[13]

Full-palm tactile sensing

Xiaomi expanded tactile sensor coverage to 8,200 square millimeters across the entire palm surface, encompassing fingertips, finger pads, and the palm.^[13] This full-palm sensing allows the hand to perform manipulation tasks effectively even when vision systems are occluded or unreliable. Training data for the tactile system was collected using sensorized tactile gloves worn by human operators, feeding into the dual-model software stack of Xiaomi-Robotics-0 (for visual-language-action processing) and TacRefineNet (for tactile refinement).^[13]

How does Xiaomi's sweating robot hand work?

The most novel feature is an evaporative cooling system that mimics human perspiration.^[13] The hand integrates 3D-printed metal liquid cooling channels throughout its structure, connected to a micro-pump. The system works by circulating liquid coolant through these channels, where it evaporates at the surface at a rate of 0.5 milliliters of water per minute.^[14]

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A single robotic hand performing heavy-duty tasks can draw over 100 watts of power. At approximately 70% efficiency, more than 30 watts are converted directly into heat, and under stall conditions (when the motor is under load but not moving), this thermal load limits continuous operation time.^[14] Traditional tendon-driven robotic hands typically fail after roughly 10,000 grasping cycles due in part to thermal degradation. Xiaomi's sweating mechanism enabled the hand to survive over 150,000 continuous grasping cycles without failure, a 15-fold improvement that fundamentally changes the economics of factory deployment.^[13]

Strategic investments in robotics suppliers (2025 to 2026)

In parallel with its in-house robotics work, Xiaomi has used Xiaomi Strategic Investment, the company's corporate venture arm, to take equity positions in upstream component suppliers in the humanoid robotics value chain. The most prominent of these positions, and the one Xiaomi has publicly confirmed on multiple occasions, is in the Hangzhou-based dexterous hand specialist Xynova.^[24]

Xynova investment

Xiaomi Strategic Investment first joined Xynova's cap table through the Chinese startup's angel round, which closed in late December 2025 at more than 100 million yuan (about 13.7 million US dollars).^[23] The round was led by CATL Capital, the investment platform of battery maker CATL, with Xiaomi Strategic Investment, Zhengxuan Investment, Orient Renaissance Capital, SEARI Capital, and the L2F Ray Entrepreneur Fund as co-investors.^[24] Lighthouse Capital advised on the round.^[24]

Xiaomi continued to add to its position in Xynova's Pre-A round, which closed on March 20, 2026 at "hundreds of millions of yuan" and was led by an undisclosed top-tier internet company.^[25] Existing strategic investors, including Xiaomi Strategic Investment and funds affiliated with the China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC), increased their stakes alongside the new lead.^[26]

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Xynova product portfolio

Xynova develops high-degree-of-freedom dexterous hands and the underlying actuator stack used by humanoid robot integrators. The company's two flagship products at the time of Xiaomi's investments were:

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Xynova also supplies miniature electric cylinders (10 to 12 mm, 100 to 300 N thrust), 8 mm hollow cup brushless motors, 7 mm planetary roller screws, and integrated joint modules with a published torque density of 322 newton-metres per kilogram.^[28] The company is constructing a manufacturing facility designed for an annual run rate of 10,000 dexterous hands and 200,000 micro electric cylinders, scheduled for commissioning in the second quarter of 2026.^[28]

Relationship to Xiaomi's own bionic hand

What is publicly confirmed is that Xiaomi Strategic Investment is on the Xynova cap table through both rounds. What is not publicly confirmed, as of May 2026, is whether the bionic hand fitted to CyberOne or to Xiaomi's other humanoid platforms uses Xynova technology. Xynova has not been listed as a hand supplier to CyberOne in Xiaomi's own communications, and the Xiaomi April 2026 bionic hand redesign (with full-palm tactile sensing and evaporative "sweating" thermal management) does not credit Xynova. The investment direction is therefore at the component layer below the integrated hand, consistent with Xiaomi's broader pattern of taking equity in adjacent suppliers across the "Human x Car x Home" ecosystem rather than relying solely on in-house development.

Strategic logic

Industry coverage of the May 2026 Flex 2 launch read the cap-table position as a deliberate Xiaomi bet on the component layer of humanoid robotics.^[29] The thread by the RoboHub account on X that broke the Flex 2 news in English on May 13, 2026 summarised the strategic angle as Xiaomi "putting money into the component layer that decides whether humanoids can actually handle objects, tools, and daily tasks."^[27] The position is consistent with the late 2025 hiring of Lu Zeyu from the Tesla Optimus dexterous hand programme to lead Xiaomi's in-house hand R&D, and with the April 2026 unveiling of the upgraded CyberOne bionic hand with thermal "sweating" channels: Xiaomi is pursuing both internal capability and equity in external specialists.

Lei Jun's robotics vision

Lei Jun has been the primary public champion of Xiaomi's robotics program, articulating a long-term vision that positions humanoid robots alongside smartphones and electric vehicles as transformative product categories.

At the 2022 CyberOne unveiling, Lei Jun stated that "CyberOne's AI and mechanical capabilities are all self-developed by Xiaomi Robotics Lab," and described intelligent robots as future companions and assistants in everyday life.^[1]

Following the 2026 factory trials, Lei Jun emphasized that humanoid robots would be "central to how factories operate" within five years, and that household applications could "open a new trillion-yuan market."^[15] He framed the current state of humanoid robotics as analogous to the early days of the smartphone industry, where rapid cost reduction and capability improvement would eventually bring robots into mainstream adoption.^[15]

At the 2026 Two Sessions (China's annual legislative meetings), Lei Jun submitted five formal proposals as a National People's Congress representative.^[17] Two of these focused specifically on robotics:

1. Standardization and reliability: Lei Jun proposed that by 2027, the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) of humanoid robots in industrial scenarios should exceed 10,000 hours. Operating 20 hours per day, this would mean roughly 500 days of continuous operation without failure, which he characterized as the entry threshold for a robot to qualify as a "formal employee" rather than an "apprentice."^[17]

2. International standards alignment: He advocated for aligning domestic Chinese robotics standards with international standards to help Chinese humanoid robots expand into global markets.^[17]

Lei Jun acknowledged that humanoid robots remain at a critical transition point from laboratory to industrialization, with bottlenecks including poor process stability, high hardware costs, and limited application scenarios. He proposed expanding smart manufacturing application scenarios, introducing industrial subsidies and policy incentives, and strengthening safety standards.^[17]

How does Xiaomi compare with other humanoid robot makers?

Xiaomi operates within an intensely competitive Chinese humanoid robotics industry that has seen rapid growth and increasing consolidation since 2024.

Industry tiering

According to the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, China's humanoid robotics companies are organized into three tiers:

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Xiaomi's placement in the second tier reflects the fact that, unlike pure-play robotics companies, Xiaomi treats robotics as one division within a much larger technology conglomerate. However, analysts have noted that if Xiaomi decides to fully commit its manufacturing scale and resources, it could reshape the competitive landscape significantly.

Comparison with key competitors

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Xiaomi's primary competitive advantages include its massive manufacturing infrastructure, vertical integration across hardware and software, a connected ecosystem of over 500 million devices, and synergies with its electric vehicle division, which provides both a testbed for deployment and shared technology in autonomous navigation, sensor fusion, and AI computing. The company's willingness to open-source key AI models (Xiaomi-Robotics-0, TacRefineNet, MiMo-Embodied) also differentiates its approach by fostering community-driven development.

Global context

TrendForce forecasts 2026 as a pivotal year for humanoid robot commercialization, with global shipments expected to exceed 50,000 units (over 700% year-on-year growth).^[18] Morgan Stanley projects the humanoid robot market could reach $5 trillion by 2050.^[21] China's 15th Five-Year Plan, announced at the 2026 Two Sessions, prioritizes AI and robotics as strategic industries.^[22] On March 3, 2026, Chinese authorities released the country's first national standard system for humanoid robots and embodied intelligence, covering foundational standards, computing, limbs and components, full-system integration, applications, safety, and ethics.^[22]

Strategic significance

Xiaomi's robotics program fits within a deliberate, step-by-step corporate strategy of building capabilities across connected product categories.

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The progression from robotic vacuums to CyberDog to CyberOne to factory-ready humanoid robots reflects a company systematically building expertise in actuator design, locomotion control, perception, and AI. Each product generation has served as a stepping stone, with technologies developed for one platform informing the next. The EV factory provides a controlled environment for validating humanoid robots before any potential expansion into the far more complex and unpredictable household domain.

See also

• Xiaomi CyberOne
• Xiaomi CyberDog
• Humanoid robots
• Tesla Optimus
• Unitree Robotics
• UBTECH Robotics
• Vision-language-action model
• Reinforcement learning
• Embodied intelligence
• Xynova
• Xynova Flex 1
• Xynova Flex 2
• CATL
• Dexterous hand
• Humanoid robot hands

References

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