Wednesday, March 18, 2026
- Sparse Featurev7A sparse feature is a feature in machine learning whose values are predominantly zero or empty across a dataset.
- Space ChatGPT Pluginsv4Space ChatGPT plugins were a group of third-party tools that extended ChatGPT with the ability to fetch astronomical imagery, track the International Space Station, retrieve Mars rover photographs, query…
- Spacev5Artificial intelligence in space refers to the use of machine learning, deep learning, autonomous planning systems, and other AI techniques across the space industry.
- Software Development ChatGPT Pluginsv4Software Development ChatGPT Plugins were a now-deprecated category of ChatGPT plugins that connected ChatGPT to the wider software development life cycle, including version control, repository analysis, issue…
- Software Developmentv6Software development is the work of conceiving, specifying, designing, implementing, verifying, delivering, operating, maintaining, and eventually retiring software.
- Software ChatGPT Pluginsv5Software ChatGPT Plugins were a broad category of third-party extensions inside ChatGPT that connected the chatbot to general purpose software products and software-as-a-service platforms.
- Softwarev4On AI Wiki, software refers to the use of artificial intelligence inside end-user and enterprise software.
- Softmaxv11Softmax is a function that converts a finite vector of real-valued scores into a vector of positive numbers that sum to one.
- Social Media ChatGPT Pluginsv4Social Media ChatGPT Plugins were third-party extensions for ChatGPT that connected the chat window to social platforms such as Twitter (rebranded to X in July 2023), LinkedIn, YouTube, Reddit, and various…
- Social Mediav6Social media comprises internet-based services through which people and organizations create, distribute, discover, and respond to content in networked publics.
- SmolVLAv5SmolVLA (Small Vision-Language-Action) is a compact, open-source vision-language-action model (VLA) for robotics developed by Hugging Face and released in June 2025.
- Sketchingv8Sketching is a family of techniques in computer science, machine learning, and database systems that use small probabilistic data structures, called sketches
- Size invariancev6Size invariance, also called scale invariance, is the property of a model, feature, or algorithm that produces the same output (or class label) regardless of the size at which an object appears in the input.
- SimpleQAv6SimpleQA is a factuality benchmark released by OpenAI on October 30, 2024 that measures whether large language models can answer short, fact-seeking questions correctly instead of producing hallucinations.
- SimpleBenchv3SimpleBench is a text-only benchmark for large language models created by Philip, the host of the AI Explained YouTube channel, with collaborator Hemang.
- Similarity Measurev8A similarity measure (also called a similarity function or similarity metric) is a real-valued function that quantifies the degree of resemblance between two objects, returning a large value when the objects…
- Sigmoid Functionv12The sigmoid function is a mathematical function that maps any real number to a value between 0 and 1 using the formula…
- Shrinkagev5Shrinkage in machine learning and statistics is a regularization technique that deliberately pulls model coefficient estimates toward zero, or toward some other fixed shrinkage target
- Shopping ChatGPT Pluginsv4Shopping ChatGPT Plugins were a now-deprecated set of third party tools, published in the ChatGPT plugin store between March 23, 2023 and April 9, 2024, that connected the chatbot to product catalogs, price…
- AI in retail and e-commercev3AI in retail and e-commerce refers to the use of artificial intelligence techniques across the retail value chain, from how products are recommended and searched for to how they are priced, stocked, delivered…
- Shape (Tensor)v4In machine learning, the shape of a tensor is the tuple of integers giving the size of the tensor along each of its axes.
- Servingv4In machine learning, serving (also called model serving or inference serving) is the process of deploying a trained model into a production environment so it can answer prediction requests, usually exposed as…
- Sequence Modelv8A sequence model is a class of machine learning models that processes, generates, or predicts ordered data where the position and surrounding context of each element carry meaning.
- Sequence-to-Sequence Taskv10A sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) task is any machine learning problem in which a model receives a variable-length input sequence and produces a variable-length output sequence, where the input and output may…
- Sentiment Analysisv9Sentiment analysis, also called opinion mining or emotion AI, is the use of natural language processing to automatically determine the sentiment, emotion, or opinion expressed in a piece of text, typically…
- Sentence Similarity Modelsv5Sentence similarity models are machine learning systems that map natural language sentences to fixed-length numerical vectors (sentence embeddings) so that semantically related sentences sit close together in…
- Sentence-transformers/all-mpnet-base-v2 modelv5sentence-transformers/all-mpnet-base-v2
- Sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2 modelv6Sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2 model
- Sensitive Attributev4A sensitive attribute (also called a protected attribute or protected characteristic) is any feature in a dataset that corresponds to a legally or ethically protected personal trait, such as race, sex or…
- Semi-Supervised Learningv9Semi-supervised learning is a machine learning approach that trains a model on a small amount of labeled data together with a large amount of unlabeled data
- Self-trainingv7Self-training is a semi-supervised learning procedure in which a model trained on a small labeled set is used to generate predictions on unlabeled data
- Self-Supervised Learningv9Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a machine learning approach in which a model learns representations from unlabeled data by generating its own supervisory signal from the structure of the data itself
- Self-Improvement ChatGPT Pluginsv5Self-Improvement ChatGPT Plugins were third party tools available inside the ChatGPT plugins marketplace that focused on personal growth, habit formation, journaling, decision making, mindfulness, and…
- AI in self-improvementv3AI in self-improvement refers to the use of artificial intelligence, and since 2023 especially generative AI built on large language models, in consumer products aimed at personal development.
- Selection Biasv8Selection bias is a systematic error that occurs when the data used for analysis, training, or evaluation does not accurately represent the population or domain it is intended to describe
- Segment Anything Model and Dataset (SAM and SA-1B)v8Segment Anything Model (SAM) is a promptable image segmentation foundation model released by Meta AI on April 5, 2023 that lets users "cut out" any object in an image with a single click, box, or mask prompt…
- Search Engine ChatGPT Pluginsv4Search engine ChatGPT plugins were a class of third party and first party extensions for ChatGPT that gave the chatbot the ability to query the open web, fetch the contents of a specific URL, and return cited…
- Search Enginev4A search engine is a software system that retrieves information from a corpus (the web, a private dataset, or a document store) and ranks results by relevance to a user query.
- Scoringv4Scoring is the process of applying a trained machine learning model to data so it produces an output number, either a prediction (probability, class score, or ranking value) emitted at inference time, or a…
- Science ChatGPT Pluginsv4Science ChatGPT plugins were a group of third-party tools that extended ChatGPT with the ability to perform exact computation, fetch peer-reviewed literature, run symbolic mathematics, retrieve curated…
- SciCodev5SciCode is a research coding benchmark that asks large language models to write Python code for realistic, PhD level scientific problems drawn from working scientists' day to day workflows.
- Scalingv8In machine learning and artificial intelligence, scaling is an umbrella term for several distinct practices: (1) feature scaling, the data-preprocessing step that rescales input features to a common range so…
- Scalarv9A scalar is a single numerical value, a quantity with magnitude but no direction, and the simplest object in linear algebra and machine learning.
- Saverv4In machine learning, a Saver is a utility or class that persists and restores the state of a model, its variables, and its optimizer to disk, so training can be paused, resumed, evaluated, or deployed without…
- SavedModelv7A SavedModel is the standardized, language-neutral serialization format that TensorFlow uses to package a complete, trained model (its computation graph, its weights, and any supporting assets) as a…
- Sampling with replacementv7Sampling with replacement is a method of drawing items from a population in which each selected item is returned to the pool before the next draw, so the same item can be chosen more than once.
- Sampling Biasv7Sampling bias is a systematic error in statistics and machine learning that occurs when a sample is collected so that some members of the intended population have a higher or lower probability of being…
- SWE-benchv15SWE-bench is an execution-based benchmark for evaluating whether a language-model system can resolve real software issues.
- SWE-bench Verifiedv7SWE-bench Verified is a 500-problem, human-validated subset of the SWE-bench software engineering benchmark, released on August 13
- SEO ChatGPT Pluginsv4SEO ChatGPT Plugins were a group of third-party extensions for ChatGPT that handled search engine optimization tasks (keyword research, on-page audits, SERP analysis, content briefs, and link-building…
- SEOv4Search engine optimization (SEO) is the practice of preparing websites and other content so that search engines surface them in response to user queries.
- Runwayml/stable-diffusion-v1-5 modelv7Runwayml/stable-diffusion-v1-5 is the Hugging Face repository name of the Stable Diffusion v1.5 checkpoint, a text-to-image latent diffusion model published on October 20
- Rotational invariancev4Rotational invariance is the property of a model, function, or feature whose output does not change when the input is rotated.
- Root directoryv5In machine learning, a root directory is the top level folder, on a local disk or in object storage, under which a training run writes the artifacts it produces and a serving run later reads: checkpoints…
- Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)v5Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), also known as root mean square deviation (RMSD), is a regression evaluation metric equal to the square root of the average of the squared differences between predicted and…
- Rootv4In machine learning, the root is the starting node of a decision tree: the single topmost node that holds the entire training set and encodes the first condition the tree evaluates, at depth 0.
- Robotics Modelsv4Robotics models are machine learning systems that give robots the ability to perceive their surroundings, plan actions, and execute motor control.
- Ridge Regularizationv7Ridge regularization, also known as L2 regularization or Tikhonov regularization, is a technique in statistics and machine learning that adds a squared L2-norm penalty to a model's loss function.
- Rewardv8In reinforcement learning (RL), a reward is a scalar feedback signal that an environment sends to an agent after each action, quantifying how desirable that action's outcome was
- Return (Reinforcement Learning)v7In reinforcement learning, the return…
- Research & Analysisv5Research & Analysis in the AI sense refers to the use of artificial intelligence, especially large language models paired with retrieval-augmented generation, to find information, read sources, summarise…
- Representationv6A representation in machine learning is the format in which a data example is encoded before a model processes it: the same image can be represented as raw pixels, a list of hand-designed measurements, or a…
- Reporting Biasv4Reporting bias is a type of data bias in machine learning that occurs when the frequency of events, properties, or outcomes captured in a dataset does not reflect their real-world frequency, because people…
- Replay Bufferv6A replay buffer (also called an experience replay buffer or replay memory) is a fixed-size memory that stores an off-policy reinforcement learning agent's past transitions, each a tuple of state, action…
- Religion ChatGPT Pluginsv3Religion ChatGPT Plugins were a small topical grouping inside the ChatGPT plugin catalogue that gathered third-party extensions for scripture lookup, hadith retrieval, prayer scheduling, and faith community…
- AI and religionv3AI and religion refers to the use of artificial intelligence within religious life and to the responses that faith traditions have given to AI.
- Reinforcement learningv15Reinforcement learning (RL) is a branch of machine learning in which an agent learns to make decisions by taking actions in an environment to maximize a cumulative reward signal, discovering good behavior…
- Regularization Ratev9"Regularization rate" is the terminology used in Google's Machine Learning Crash Course and Machine Learning Glossary
- Regularizationv11Regularization is any deliberate change to a learning problem or training algorithm intended to improve performance on data that were not used to fit the model.
- Regression (statistics and machine learning)v7Regression is a family of statistical and machine learning methods for modelling the relationship between a numeric outcome variable and one or more explanatory variables (often called predictors, features, or…
- Reflection AIv9Reflection AI is an American artificial intelligence company that builds autonomous coding agents and frontier open-weight foundation models, founded in March 2024 by former Google DeepMind researchers Misha…
- Recursive self-improvementv18Recursive self-improvement (RSI) is a process in which an artificial intelligence system improves its own intelligence or its ability to improve itself, so that each enhancement increases its capacity for…
- Recurrent Neural Networkv12A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a neural network whose computation includes a state that is passed from one step to the next.
- Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU)v11The Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) is the most widely used activation function in deep learning.
- Recommendation Systemv10A recommendation system (also called a recommender system) is an information filtering system that predicts a user's preferences and ranks the items most likely to interest that user, such as the movies…
- Recall (metric)v6Recall is a classification and retrieval metric that measures the proportion of actual positive instances a model correctly identifies, defined as TP / (TP + FN)
- ReasoningBankv6ReasoningBank is a memory framework for Large language model (LLM) AI agents that distills generalizable reasoning strategies from successful and failed experiences.
- Real Estate ChatGPT Pluginsv4Real Estate ChatGPT Plugins were a topical grouping inside the ChatGPT plugin catalogue that gathered third-party extensions oriented toward residential property search, rental listings, and neighborhood…
- Real Estatev5Real estate has become one of the most data heavy industries to adopt artificial intelligence, with applications spanning home valuation, mortgage underwriting, property management, brokerage workflows…
- ReLUv11ReLU, short for rectified linear unit, is an activation function that maps a real input to its positive part:
- Re-rankingv4Re-ranking, also written as reranking, is the second stage of a two-stage information retrieval pipeline: a fast first-stage retriever returns a candidate set of roughly 50 to 1000 documents
- Raterv6A rater is a person (or, increasingly, a model) who assigns labels, scores, or judgments to data items so those items can be used to train, evaluate, or align a machine learning system.
- Rankingv5Ranking in machine learning, often called learning to rank (LTR), is the supervised task of ordering a set of items by relevance to a query
- Rank (ordinality)v5In machine learning and statistics, rank or ordinality describes data whose values have a meaningful order but whose spacing between values is not necessarily equal or quantitatively meaningful.
- Rank (Tensor)v4In machine learning and deep learning frameworks, the rank of a tensor is the number of dimensions (axes) it has: the count of indices you must supply to pick out a single scalar element.
- Random Policyv7A random policy is a reinforcement learning policy that chooses actions from a fixed probability distribution, most commonly the uniform distribution, independent of the current state and of any learned value…
- Random Forestv12A random forest is an ensemble learning method that combines many randomized decision trees. Each tree is built from a randomized view of the training data, and the ensemble aggregates the trees' predictions.
- ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) Curvev8A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is a graph that measures how well a binary classification system separates two classes by plotting its true positive rate (TPR, also called sensitivity or…
- RNNv9RNN is the standard abbreviation for recurrent neural network, a class of artificial neural network in which connections between units form cycles
- Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)v11Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is a family of methods in which judgments supplied by people are converted into a reward signal and a policy is optimized with reinforcement learning against…
- Qwenv11Qwen is a family of large language models and multimodal models developed by the Qwen Team at Alibaba Cloud.
- Queuev4A queue in machine learning is a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structure that stages and buffers data between an input/output stage and a compute stage so that elements are processed in the order they were…
- Question Answering Modelsv5Question answering (QA) models are natural language processing systems that take a natural-language question as input and return a natural-language answer, optionally grounded in a supplied passage, document…
- Quantum processorv5A quantum processing unit (QPU), also called a quantum processor, is the hardware component of a quantum computer that holds and manipulates qubits to perform quantum logic operations.
- Quantizationv8Quantization is the representation of values from a large or continuous set by values from a smaller, usually finite set.
- Quantile bucketingv4Quantile bucketing, also called quantile binning, equal-frequency binning, or quantile discretization
- Quantilev4A quantile is a cut point that divides a probability distribution or a sorted dataset into intervals containing equal portions of the probability or the observations.
- QPUv7A Quantum Processing Unit (QPU), also known as a quantum processor, is the core hardware component of a quantum computer that manipulates qubits using the principles of quantum mechanics to perform…
- Q-Learningv9Q-learning is a model-free, off-policy reinforcement learning algorithm that learns the value of taking a given action in a given state by iteratively updating an action-value function Q(s, a), the expected…
- Q-Functionv8The Q-function, also called the action-value function or state-action value function and written…
