Wednesday, March 18, 2026
- Layerv7A layer is the fundamental building block of a neural network: an organized group of neurons (also called nodes or units) that together apply one mathematical transformation to their input and pass the result…
- Law ChatGPT Pluginsv5Law ChatGPT plugins were a category of third-party tools that connected ChatGPT to legal codes, case law databases, legislative trackers, and lawyer directories between March 2023 and April 2024.
- Large Language Modelv16A large language model (LLM) is an artificial intelligence system built on a transformer neural network with billions to trillions of parameters, trained on massive text corpora to predict the next token in a…
- Language Modelv9A language model is a model of patterns in language that assigns probabilities or comparable scores to linguistic sequences. Its units may be characters, words, subwords, bytes, or other tokens.
- Language Learning ChatGPT Pluginsv5Language learning ChatGPT plugins were a small but visible group of third-party tools that extended ChatGPT with translation, foreign-language explanation, conversational practice, and tutor-matching…
- Language Learningv5Language learning is one of the first consumer markets to be reshaped by generative AI: since 2023, apps such as Duolingo, Speak, Babbel, ELSA, and Pimsleur have used large language models and speech…
- LangChainv13LangChain is an open-source software framework for applications that use large language models.
- Landmarksv8Landmarks are reference points used as anchors in two largely separate areas of machine learning.
- Lambdav6Lambda (the Greek letter λ) is a symbol used across machine learning, statistics, and computer science to denote several distinct quantities
- Labeled examplev6A labeled example is a single data point used to train a machine learning model that consists of one or more input features paired with the correct answer, called the label.
- Labelv6In machine learning, a label is the target output value associated with a single training example: the correct answer that a supervised learning model is trained to predict.
- Knowledge Distillationv10Knowledge distillation is a training method in which a student model learns from signals produced by a teacher model.
- Keypointsv7In computer vision, keypoints (also called interest points, feature points, or salient points) are distinctive locations in an image that can be reliably detected and described across changes in viewpoint…
- Keymate.AI GPT (Beta)v6Keymate.AI GPT (Beta) is the listing name in the GPT Store for Keymate AI Search & Browse with Linked Memory, a third-party tool that adds real-time web search, URL browsing, and a persistent knowledge base to…
- Kernel Support Vector Machines (KSVMs)v7A kernel support vector machine (kernel SVM, or KSVM) is a supervised learning algorithm that finds the maximum-margin boundary between two classes after implicitly mapping the data into a high-dimensional…
- Kerasv7Keras is an open-source, high-level neural network API written in Python that lets developers build, train, and deploy deep learning models with minimal code.
- K-Medianv9K-median clustering (also written k-medians) is a partitioning-based clustering algorithm that divides a dataset of…
- K-Meansv11K-means is an unsupervised machine learning clustering algorithm that partitions a dataset into k distinct, non-overlapping clusters by repeatedly assigning each data point to its nearest cluster center and…
- Jetson Thorv12NVIDIA Jetson Thor (also marketed as Jetson AGX Thor) is a Blackwell architecture edge AI computing module developed by NVIDIA that delivers up to 2,070 FP4 teraflops of AI compute in a 40 to 130 watt power…
- Iterationv7An iteration in machine learning is a single update of a model's parameters during training, performed by processing one batch of data: the model makes predictions on the batch (a forward pass), computes the…
- Itemsv5In recommendation systems, items are the entities that the system recommends to users. Google's recommendation systems course defines an item, also called a document, as "the entities a system recommends.
- Item matrixv9In collaborative filtering and matrix factorization recommender systems, the item matrix (commonly written V, sometimes Q or H) is the matrix of latent-factor vectors for items: each row holds one item's…
- Isaac GR00Tv13Isaac GR00T (short for Generalist Robot 00 Technology) is an open foundation model family from NVIDIA that gives humanoid robots a single, pretrained "AI brain" for perception, reasoning, and motor control.
- IoUv7Intersection over Union (IoU), also known as the Jaccard index or Jaccard similarity coefficient, is the standard overlap metric in object detection and image segmentation: it is the area of overlap between a…
- Intersection over union (IoU)v6Intersection over Union (IoU) is the standard computer vision evaluation metric that measures how well a predicted region overlaps a ground-truth region: it is the area of intersection divided by the area of…
- Interpretabilityv8Interpretability in artificial intelligence concerns what people can learn about a system's behavior, predictions, or internal computations, and whether that understanding is reliable enough for a stated…
- Internet ChatGPT Pluginsv5Internet ChatGPT Plugins were third-party and first-party extensions inside the ChatGPT plugin store that let the assistant reach the live web, for example by browsing pages, reading a specific URL, searching…
- AI and the internetv4AI and the internet describes the ways that generative AI is reshaping the open web: how content is produced and discovered, how traffic flows between sites, who (or what) reads the resulting pages, and how…
- Inter-rater agreementv5Inter-rater agreement is the degree of consensus among two or more independent raters when they label or score the same set of items.
- Instancev5In machine learning and statistics, an instance is a single data point in a dataset: the values of one row of features and, optionally, a label.
- Input Layerv9The input layer is the first layer of a neural network: it receives the raw feature vector for each data sample and passes those values forward to the next layer, performing no learned computation of its own.
- Information Gainv8Information Gain (IG) is a measure from information theory that quantifies the reduction in entropy (uncertainty) achieved by partitioning a dataset on a particular feature: it equals the entropy of the parent…
- Inference pathv5The inference path is the sequence of nodes that a single example visits as it travels from the root node of a decision tree down to a leaf node during prediction.
- Inferencev12In machine learning, inference is the execution of a trained model to produce an output from an input.
- Individual Fairnessv6Individual fairness is the principle in machine learning that any two individuals who are similar with respect to a task should receive similar algorithmic outcomes.
- Independently and Identically Distributed (i.i.d.)v12Independently and identically distributed (abbreviated i.i.d., iid, or IID) data is a collection of random variables in which each variable has the same probability distribution as the others and all variables…
- Incompatibility of Fairness Metricsv6The incompatibility of fairness metrics (also called the impossibility theorem of fairness or fairness trade-offs) is the proven mathematical result that several widely used definitions of algorithmic fairness…
- InclusionAIv8inclusionAI is an open-source artificial general intelligence (AGI) research initiative established by Ant Group, the financial-technology affiliate of the Alibaba ecosystem.
- In-set conditionv5An in-set condition is a split condition used inside a decision tree node that tests whether the value of a single categorical feature belongs to a specified subset of that feature's possible values.
- In-Group Biasv5In-group bias (also called in-group favoritism or in-group preference) is the systematic tendency to favor members of one's own social group over members of other groups
- Implicit Biasv8Implicit bias is an umbrella term that, in artificial intelligence and machine learning, refers to systematic tendencies operating below the surface of explicit design choices.
- Imbalanced Datasetv7An imbalanced dataset is a dataset used in machine learning where the classification categories are not approximately equally represented, so that one class (the majority class) contains far more samples than…
- Image Recognitionv12Image recognition is the field of artificial intelligence and computer vision that enables machines to identify, classify, and interpret the objects, patterns, and features contained in a digital image or…
- Image Classification Modelsv7Image classification models are machine learning systems that assign one or more category labels to a whole input image, the task that drove the modern wave of deep learning in computer vision.
- Image-to-Text Modelsv7Image-to-text models are machine learning systems that take an image as input and produce natural language text as output.
- Image-to-Image Modelsv6Image-to-image models (often shortened to img2img) are machine learning systems that take an input image and output a transformed version of it.
- IT Management ChatGPT Pluginsv5IT management ChatGPT plugins were a group of third party extensions for ChatGPT focused on tasks that information technology teams handle every day, including server administration, infrastructure…
- IT Managementv6IT management, sometimes broken out into IT service management (ITSM) and IT operations (ITOps), is the set of practices, tools, and people that keep an organisation's information technology running.
- IFBenchv5IFBench (Instruction Following Benchmark) is an artificial intelligence benchmark that measures whether large language models can follow precise output constraints they have never seen during training.
- Hyperplanev7A hyperplane is a flat, affine subspace of dimension n-1 embedded in an n-dimensional space.
- Hyperparameterv14A hyperparameter is an input that configures a machine learning algorithm or modeling pipeline, rather than an output fitted by that algorithm in one training run.
- Humanity's Last Examv11Humanity's Last Exam (HLE) is a multi-modal AI benchmark of 2,500 public expert-level academic questions (plus a 500-question private holdout, 3,000 in total) spanning more than 100 disciplines
- HumanEvalv13HumanEval is a benchmark for measuring whether a code-generating large language model can complete short Python functions so that they pass unit tests. It contains 164 hand-written tasks.
- Hugging Facev22Hugging Face is an artificial intelligence company and collaboration platform for machine learning.
- How to Steal ChatGPT-4, GPT-4 and other Proprietary LLMsv5This article is a defensive and academic survey of how proprietary large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4, ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini can be partially copied or have their internal information leaked…
- How to Prevent OpenAI and Google From Training Their LLMs on Your Website's Datav5You can stop OpenAI, Google, Anthropic, and most other major AI companies from using your website to train large language models (LLMs) by adding a small set of directives to your site's robots.txt file.
- How to Pressure LLMs for Better Outputv7Pressuring large language models (LLMs) is a family of prompt engineering techniques that try to push a model toward better output by adding emotional weight, urgency, stakes, or coercion to the prompt.
- Holdout datav6Holdout data is a portion of a labeled dataset that is deliberately kept out of training so it can be used later to evaluate how well a model performs on examples it has never seen.
- Hinge Lossv8Hinge loss is the margin-based loss function defined as max(0, 1 - y * f(x)), used to train support vector machines (SVMs) and other maximum-margin classifiers, where y in {+1, -1} is the true label and f(x)…
- Hierarchical Clusteringv8Hierarchical clustering is an unsupervised learning method that groups data into a tree of nested clusters, building the hierarchy by repeatedly merging the most similar groups (agglomerative, bottom-up) or…
- Hidden Layerv11A hidden layer is a layer of artificial neurons in a neural network that sits between the input layer and the output layer
- Heuristicv6A heuristic is a practical problem-solving approach that trades optimality, completeness, accuracy, or precision for speed, producing a good-enough answer when an exact method would be too slow, too expensive…
- HellaSwagv10HellaSwag is a commonsense reasoning benchmark for language models, introduced by Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi in the 2019 paper "HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really…
- Health ChatGPT Pluginsv5Health ChatGPT plugins were a now-deprecated category of third-party tools that extended ChatGPT with capabilities for tracking nutrition, exercise, hydration, and habits, plus searching clinical trials and…
- HealthBench Hardv4HealthBench Hard is a 1,000 example curated subset of the HealthBench benchmark released by OpenAI on May 12, 2025.
- HealthBenchv10HealthBench is an open-source benchmark released by OpenAI on May 12, 2025, that evaluates how large language models handle realistic, multi-turn healthcare conversations.
- Healthv6AI in healthcare is the use of artificial intelligence, and especially machine learning, to diagnose disease, discover drugs, document care, predict patient risk, and run health operations.
- Hashingv7Hashing in machine learning is the use of hash functions to map data of arbitrary size (a word, a URL, a document, a vector) into a fixed-size integer range, trading a small and controllable amount of…
- Hallucinationv10Hallucination in generative AI is the production of content that is unsupported, contradicted by an applicable source, factually wrong, internally inconsistent, or otherwise presented without an adequate basis.
- Gym Retrov6Gym Retro is an open-source reinforcement learning (RL) research platform from OpenAI, released in full in May 2018, that turns roughly 1,000 classic console video games into standardized Gym environments.
- Gym (OpenAI Gym / Gymnasium)v9Gym, often written as OpenAI Gym, is an open source Python toolkit for developing and comparing reinforcement learning algorithms, originally released by openai on April 27, 2016.
- Guidesv8The Guides section of AI Wiki is a curated index of how-to articles, explainer pages, reading lists, and reference material that guide readers from a first encounter with artificial intelligence toward…
- Group Attribution Biasv7Group attribution bias is the tendency to assume that what is true of one member of a group is true of the entire group
- Ground Truthv8Ground truth is verified, correct information that serves as the authoritative reference for training and evaluating machine learning models.
- Grok 3 Jailbreakv5Grok 3 jailbreak is the umbrella term for a class of reported guardrail-bypass findings against Grok 3, the third-generation large language model that xAI released on February 17, 2025.
- Grokv16Grok is a family of generative artificial intelligence chatbots and large language models (LLMs) built by xAI, the company founded by Elon Musk.
- Greedy Policyv7In reinforcement learning, a greedy policy is a decision rule that, in every state, selects the action with the highest estimated value.
- Graph Executionv8Graph execution is a computation paradigm in machine learning frameworks where mathematical operations are organized into a directed acyclic graph (DAG) before being executed, so the runtime sees the whole…
- Graph Machine Learning Modelsv5Graph machine learning models are neural networks designed to operate on data structured as graphs, where the input is a set of nodes connected by edges rather than a grid like an image or a sequence like text.
- Graphv5In machine learning the word graph has two unrelated meanings. The first is a graph as a data structure: a set of nodes (vertices) connected by edges, written formally as G = (V, E), used to represent…
- Gradient Descentv12Gradient descent is an iterative first-order method for minimizing a differentiable scalar objective. Starting from a point, it evaluates the local gradient and moves in the opposite direction.
- Gradient clippingv7Gradient clipping is a training technique that caps the magnitude of gradient values before they update model weights
- Gradient Boostingv12Gradient boosting is a supervised machine learning method that constructs an additive prediction function in stages.
- Gradient boosted (decision) trees (GBT)v8Gradient boosted decision trees (GBT, also written GBDT, GBM, or GBRT) is an ensemble method that builds a strong predictor by sequentially fitting many shallow decision trees to the negative gradient of a…
- Gradientv7In machine learning, the gradient is the vector of partial derivatives of a loss function with respect to every model parameter, and it points in the direction in which the loss increases most steeply.
- Google DeepMindv20Google DeepMind is an artificial intelligence research and model-development organization at Google.
- GitHub Copilot Xv9GitHub Copilot X was the umbrella name GitHub used in 2023 for its vision of an artificial intelligence assistant that would reach across the entire developer workflow rather than only completing code inline.
- GitHub Copilotv17GitHub Copilot is a hosted artificial intelligence coding assistant developed by GitHub.
- Gini Impurityv7Gini impurity is the probability that a randomly chosen element from a dataset would be incorrectly classified if it were labeled at random according to the distribution of class labels in that dataset.
- Geography ChatGPT Pluginsv5Geography ChatGPT Plugins were the subset of third party plugins published in the ChatGPT Plugins store between March 2023 and April 2024 that focused on maps, coordinates, satellite imagery, demographic and…
- GeoAIv5GeoAI, short for geospatial artificial intelligence, is the application of artificial intelligence, especially machine learning and deep learning, to geographic data and spatial problems.
- GeoBenchv5GeoBench is the umbrella name for a family of artificial intelligence benchmarks evaluating models on geospatial reasoning, earth monitoring, and geographic localization.
- Generatorv8A generator is a neural network within a generative adversarial network (GAN) that learns to produce synthetic data samples from random noise.
- Generative Modelv9A generative model is a class of statistical and machine learning model that learns the joint probability distribution P(X) of the observed data, or the joint distribution P(X, Y) of inputs and labels
- GPT Public Directoryv8GPT Public Directory is a Custom GPT for ChatGPT, listed in the GPT Store, that works as a conversational directory assistant for discovering other GPTs.
- GPT Finder 🔍v9GPT Finder 🔍 is a Custom GPT for ChatGPT listed in the GPT Store. It is a search assistant built specifically for discovering other custom GPTs.
- GPT Detectorv7GPT Detector is a Custom GPT for ChatGPT listed in the GPT Store. It was published by the developer chatgptbuddy.com and built on top of GPT-4.
- GPT Customizer, File Finder & JSON Action Creatorv8GPT Customizer, File Finder & JSON Action Creator is a Custom GPT for ChatGPT published in the GPT Store.
- GPT APIv7The GPT API is the public HTTP interface that OpenAI exposes for programmatic access to its hosted language, vision, audio, image, and video models.
- GPT-Builders' Assistantv9GPT-Builders' Assistant is a Custom GPT for ChatGPT in the GPT Store, built by the developer profile gendojo.ai.
