Bahdanau attention
Bahdanau attention is the first attention mechanism for neural networks, introduced in 2014 to let a sequence-to-sequence decoder soft-align to every encoder hidden state instead of relying on a single…
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Showing 1-21 of 21 articles
Encoder
An encoder in machine learning is a neural network component that transforms input data (text, an image, audio, or code) into a compressed, structured representation, often called a latent representation…
Hyena
Hyena is a sub-quadratic, attention-free neural sequence operator that replaces the self-attention operator of the Transformer with a recurrence of long, implicitly parameterized convolutions and…
Layer normalization
Layer normalization is a technique for normalizing the activations of a neural network across the feature dimension of each individual sample, rather than across a batch of samples.
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
Long short-term memory (LSTM) is a gated recurrent neural network architecture for processing sequences.
Mamba 2
Mamba 2 is a state space model architecture introduced in the paper "Transformers are SSMs: Generalized Models and Efficient Algorithms Through Structured State Space Duality" by Tri Dao and Albert Gu
Mamba-3
Mamba-3 is a sequence-modeling architecture in the state space model (SSM) family, introduced in March 2026 by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Princeton.
Mixture of Depths
Mixture of Depths (MoD) is a technique for dynamically allocating computation to individual tokens within transformer-based language models.
Multi-Head Self-Attention
Multi-head self-attention is the core sequence-mixing mechanism of the Transformer architecture: it runs several scaled dot-product attention operations ("heads") in parallel over different learned projections…
Multi-head Latent Attention
Multi-head Latent Attention (MLA) is an attention mechanism for transformer models that achieves a 93.3% reduction in key-value cache size while maintaining or exceeding the performance of traditional…
Multilayer Perceptron
A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a feedforward neural network built from layers of fully connected units: an input layer, one or more hidden layers, and an output layer
RWKV
RWKV (pronounced "RwaKuv") is an open-source neural network architecture that combines the parallelizable training of Transformers with the constant-time
Recurrent Neural Network
A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a neural network whose computation includes a state that is passed from one step to the next.
Rotary Position Embedding
Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) is a positional encoding method for transformer models that encodes a token's absolute position by rotating its query and key vectors in two-dimensional subspaces
Self-attention
Self-attention is a neural network operation in which each position forms a data-dependent mixture of information from positions in the same input sequence or set.
Sparse attention
Sparse attention is a family of techniques that cut the computational and memory cost of the attention mechanism in transformer models by letting each token attend to only a subset of other tokens in a sequence
SwiGLU
SwiGLU (Swish-Gated Linear Unit) is the activation function used inside the feed-forward sublayer of most modern transformer large language models, including LLaMA, PaLM, Mistral, Qwen, and DeepSeek.
Transformers
A Transformer is a deep learning architecture, introduced by eight Google researchers in the 2017 paper "Attention Is All You Need", that uses attention as the sole mechanism for modeling relationships between…
Vision Encoder
A vision encoder is the neural network component that turns an image into a sequence of numerical vectors that other models can consume.
YaRN
YaRN (Yet another RoPE extensioN) is a compute-efficient method for extending the context window of large language models that use Rotary Position Embeddings (RoPE).
xLSTM
xLSTM (Extended Long Short-Term Memory) is a recurrent neural network architecture introduced in May 2024 by Maximilian Beck, Korbinian Pöppel, Sepp Hochreiter, and collaborators at Johannes Kepler University…