Showing 1-60 of 71 articles
AI search
AI search (also called AI-powered search, generative search, or an answer engine) is a class of search engine and search feature that uses large language...
Artificial IntelligenceNatural Language Processing
Agent memory
Agent memory is the set of systems that let an AI agent retain and recall information beyond a single context window, so it can carry knowledge, preferences,...
AI AgentsNatural Language Processing
Agentic RAG
Agentic RAG (agentic retrieval-augmented generation) is a retrieval-augmented generation design pattern in which one or more autonomous large language model AI...
AI AgentsNatural Language Processing
Atlas (language model)
Atlas is a retrieval-augmented language model developed by researchers at Meta AI (the group then known as Facebook AI Research, or FAIR). It was introduced in...
Large Language ModelsMeta AI
Average Precision
See also: precision, recall, F1 score, confusion matrix, AUC, precision-recall curve Average precision (AP) is an evaluation metric that summarizes the...
Computer VisionMachine Learning
BGE (BAAI General Embedding)
BGE (BAAI General Embedding) is a family of open-source text embedding and reranking models from the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence (BAAI), first...
Chinese AIOpen Source AI
BM25 (Okapi BM25)
BM25, also called Okapi BM25 or Best Match 25, is a probabilistic ranking function used by search engines and information retrieval systems to estimate how...
Algorithms
Candidate Generation
Candidate generation is the first stage in a multi-stage recommendation system or information retrieval pipeline. Its purpose is to quickly narrow a large...
Machine Learning
ChatGPT Search
ChatGPT Search is a web search feature built into ChatGPT, the conversational artificial intelligence product from OpenAI. It lets ChatGPT retrieve up-to-date...
ChatGPTOpenAI
Chunking (information retrieval)
Chunking is the preprocessing step in document indexing and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems in which a long document or corpus is split into...
Natural Language Processing
ColBERT
ColBERT (Contextualized Late Interaction over BERT) is a neural information retrieval model that encodes queries and documents into matrices of token-level...
Natural Language Processing
Consensus (academic AI search)
Consensus is an AI-powered academic search engine that uses large language models to find, summarise, and synthesise findings from peer-reviewed scientific...
AI ResearchAI Tools & Products
Contextual AI
Contextual AI is an American enterprise artificial intelligence company headquartered in Mountain View, California, that builds production-grade systems based...
AI CompaniesNatural Language Processing
Contextual retrieval
Contextual retrieval is a document indexing technique for retrieval augmented generation systems, introduced by anthropic on September 19, 2024 in a blog post...
Anthropic
Cross-encoder
A cross-encoder is a neural network architecture that scores a pair of texts by feeding them jointly into a single transformer (such as BERT) and reading out...
Natural Language ProcessingNeural Networks
Dense Passage Retrieval (DPR)
Dense Passage Retrieval (DPR) is a neural information retrieval method that uses a dual-encoder BERT architecture to map questions and passages into dense...
Natural Language Processing
Elicit (research tool)
Elicit is an AI research assistant that helps researchers find, screen, summarize, and extract data from academic papers, with a particular focus on automating...
AI AgentsAI Companies
EmbeddingGemma
EmbeddingGemma is an open text embedding model from Google, released in September 2025, that turns text into dense numeric vectors for search, retrieval,...
Large Language ModelsOpen Source AI
Embeddings
Embeddings are dense vector representations of data in a continuous vector space, where semantically similar items are mapped to nearby points. An embedding...
Deep LearningMachine Learning
Exa AI
Exa AI (formerly Metaphor) is an artificial intelligence company that builds a search engine designed specifically for AI applications. Unlike traditional...
AI CompaniesAI Infrastructure
FAISS
FAISS (Facebook AI Similarity Search) is an open-source library from Meta for efficient similarity search and clustering of dense vectors, and it is the de...
AI InfrastructureOpen Source AI
FRAMES (benchmark)
FRAMES is an evaluation dataset for retrieval-augmented generation that tests factual accuracy, retrieval, and reasoning together rather than one at a time....
AI BenchmarksModel Evaluation
Genspark
Genspark is an AI agent and productivity product developed by MainFunc, Inc., a startup based in Palo Alto, California, with an office in Singapore. It was...
AI AgentsAI Companies
Glean (company)
Glean is an American enterprise AI software company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, that develops an AI-powered work platform combining enterprise...
AI AgentsAI Companies
GraphRAG
GraphRAG is a graph-based approach to retrieval-augmented generation developed by Microsoft Research, first described publicly on February 13, 2024 and...
AI InferenceMicrosoft
HNSW
Hierarchical Navigable Small World (HNSW) is an approximate nearest-neighbor search algorithm that indexes high-dimensional vectors in a multi-layer proximity...
AlgorithmsMachine Learning
Hashing
See also: Machine learning terms Hashing in machine learning is the use of hash functions to map data of arbitrary size (a word, a URL, a document, a vector)...
Machine Learning
Haystack (framework)
Haystack is an open-source AI orchestration framework developed by deepset, a Berlin-based company, for building production-ready natural language processing...
Developer ToolsNatural Language Processing
Hebbia
Hebbia is an American enterprise AI company that builds software for knowledge-intensive professional work, primarily in financial services, law, and...
AI AgentsAI Companies
HyDE (Hypothetical Document Embeddings)
HyDE (Hypothetical Document Embeddings) is a zero-shot dense retrieval technique that, instead of searching with the user's query, first prompts an...
Natural Language Processing
Hybrid search
Hybrid search is an information retrieval technique that runs a lexical (sparse) keyword retriever, typically BM25, and a semantic (dense) vector retriever in...
Information Retrieval
Information retrieval (IR) is the science and practice of finding relevant documents, passages, or data from large unstructured collections in response to a...
Machine LearningNatural Language Processing
Jina Embeddings v3
Jina Embeddings v3 is a multilingual text embedding model released by Jina AI on September 18, 2024, with 570 million parameters, support for 89 languages, an...
AI ModelsNatural Language Processing
Knowledge graph
A knowledge graph is a structured representation of real-world entities and the relationships between them, organized as a network of interconnected nodes and...
Artificial Intelligence
LanceDB
LanceDB is an open-source, developer-friendly vector database and multimodal lakehouse built on the Lance columnar storage format, designed to store vector...
AI CompaniesAI Infrastructure
Latent semantic analysis (LSA)
Latent semantic analysis (LSA), called latent semantic indexing (LSI) in information retrieval contexts, is an unsupervised technique that maps both terms and...
MathematicsNatural Language Processing
Linkup
Linkup is a Paris-based artificial intelligence company that operates a web search API designed for AI applications, autonomous agents, and retrieval-augmented...
AI AgentsAI Companies
LlamaIndex
LlamaIndex is an open-source data framework for building large language model (LLM) applications, with a particular focus on retrieval-augmented generation...
Developer ToolsNatural Language Processing
MMTEB
MMTEB (Massive Multilingual Text Embedding Benchmark) is a large, community-built suite for evaluating text embedding models across more than 500...
AI BenchmarksNatural Language Processing
MTEB (Massive Text Embedding Benchmark)
MTEB, short for Massive Text Embedding Benchmark, is the standard public leaderboard for evaluating text embedding models across many task types at once. It...
AI BenchmarksArtificial Intelligence
Matryoshka representation learning
Matryoshka Representation Learning (MRL) is a representation learning technique that trains a single neural model to produce embedding vectors which remain...
Machine LearningNatural Language Processing
Multi-hop RAG
Multi-hop RAG is a family of retrieval-augmented generation techniques designed to answer questions that require composing evidence from two or more documents...
Large Language Models
Phind
Phind was an AI-powered answer engine built for software developers. The product combined a live web index with fine-tuned large language models to return...
AI CompaniesDeveloper Tools
Product quantization
Product quantization (PQ) is a vector-compression technique for approximate nearest-neighbor (ANN) search that splits each high-dimensional vector into M equal...
AI InferenceAI Infrastructure
Question answering
Question answering (QA) is a subfield of natural language processing and information retrieval in which a computer system automatically produces a direct...
Machine LearningNatural Language Processing
Qwen3 Embedding
Qwen3 Embedding is a family of open text embedding and reranking models released by Alibaba's Qwen team in June 2025. The series comes in three sizes, 0.6...
Chinese AILarge Language Models
Ranking
Ranking in machine learning, often called learning to rank (LTR), is the supervised task of ordering a set of items by relevance to a query, producing a ranked...
Machine Learning
Re-ranking
Re-ranking, also written as reranking, is the second stage of a two-stage information retrieval pipeline: a fast first-stage retriever returns a candidate set...
Recommender System
A recommender system (also called a recommendation system or recommendation engine) is an information filtering system that predicts the preference a user...
AI Tools & ProductsMachine Learning
Reranker
A reranker (also called a cross-encoder reranker or rerank model) is a neural model used in retrieval augmented generation and information retrieval pipelines...
Natural Language Processing
ResearchRabbit
ResearchRabbit is a free literature-discovery and citation-mapping tool that helps researchers explore academic publications through interactive visual...
AI Tools & Products
SEO
Search engine optimization (SEO) is the practice of preparing websites and other content so that search engines surface them in response to user queries. It...
SPLADE
SPLADE (Sparse Lexical and Expansion model) is a learned sparse retrieval model that encodes a query or document as a weighted, vocabulary-sized sparse vector...
Natural Language Processing
SciSpace
SciSpace is an AI-powered research platform and literature-review assistant aimed at academics, students, and researchers. It lets users search a corpus of...
AI CompaniesAI Tools & Products
Scite
Scite (stylized lowercase as scite, at scite.ai) is a research-discovery and citation-analysis platform best known for Smart Citations, which use deep learning...
AI CompaniesAI Tools & Products
Search Engine
A search engine is a software system that retrieves information from a corpus (the web, a private dataset, or a document store) and ranks results by relevance...
AI Tools & Products
Semantic Scholar
Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered academic search engine and open research-data platform built by the Allen Institute for AI (AI2, also styled Ai2), the...
AI Tools & ProductsNatural Language Processing
Semantic chunking
Semantic chunking is a family of document-segmentation strategies for retrieval augmented generation pipelines that places chunk boundaries based on similarity...
Natural Language Processing
Similarity Measure
A similarity measure (also called a similarity function or similarity metric) is a real-valued function that quantifies the degree of resemblance between two...
Machine LearningMathematics
TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency)
TF-IDF (term frequency-inverse document frequency) is a numerical statistic that measures how important a word is to a single document within a larger...
AlgorithmsNatural Language Processing