GPT Model Timeline (GPT-1 to GPT-5.x)
OpenAI's GPT lineage runs from GPT-1 (June 2018, 117 million parameters, a 512-token context window) to the GPT-5.6 "Sol, Terra, Luna" family that entered limited preview on June 26, 2026.
Large Language Models
Explore language models, how they work, and the techniques used to build applications with them.
Explore articles
Browse subtopics (63)
Articles that also belong to these categories. Counts cover all of Large Language Models.
All articles (608)AI Models (211)Open Source AI (184)Chinese AI (109)Natural Language Processing (60)Mixture of Experts (55)Reasoning Models (53)Machine Learning (52)Multimodal AI (51)AI Companies (40)OpenAI (39)Artificial Intelligence (37)AI Benchmarks (35)Anthropic (34)AI Agents (30)AI Safety (29)Google DeepMind (28)Developer Tools (25)AI Inference (24)AI Code Generation (22)Meta AI (22)Small Language Models (20)Training & Optimization (18)Generative AI (16)AI Research (15)Model Architecture (15)NVIDIA (15)Model Evaluation (13)Prompt Engineering (13)Data & Datasets (12)Deep Learning (12)Google (12)AI Tools & Products (9)Conversational AI (9)Microsoft (9)Diffusion Models (8)Transformer Models (8)AI Infrastructure (7)Enterprise AI (7)Interpretability (6)People (6)Research Organizations (6)AI Alignment (5)AI for Science (5)Information Retrieval (5)AI Hardware (4)Healthcare AI (4)Reinforcement Learning (4)AI Policy & Regulation (3)AI in Cybersecurity (3)Legal AI (3)Mathematics (3)Speech & Audio AI (3)AI History (2)Algorithms (2)Computer Vision (2)Neural Networks (2)AI in Gaming (1)Autonomous Vehicles (1)ChatGPT (1)Drug Discovery (1)MLOps (1)Robotics (1)Software Development (1)
Showing 181-240 of 608 articles
GPT-1
GPT-1 is the first model in the GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) series, a 117-million-parameter, 12-layer decoder-only Transformer released by OpenAI on June 11, 2018 in the paper "Improving Language…
GPT-2
GPT-2 is a family of autoregressive language models introduced by OpenAI on February 14, 2019.
GPT-3
GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) is a family of decoder-only, autoregressive large language models developed by OpenAI.
GPT-3.5
GPT-3.5 is a family of large language models developed by OpenAI. OpenAI used the name for the series from which it fine-tuned the model behind the original ChatGPT research preview, launched on November 30
GPT-4
GPT-4 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4) is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released on March 14, 2023.
GPT-4 Turbo
GPT-4 Turbo is a family of large language models released by OpenAI as a faster, cheaper, and longer-context variant of GPT-4.
GPT-4.1
GPT-4.1 is a family of multimodal large language models developed by OpenAI and announced on April 14, 2025, with a 1 million token context window and a SWE-bench Verified coding score of 54.6%
GPT-4.1 mini
GPT-4.1 mini is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released on April 14, 2025 as the mid-size member of the GPT-4.1 family.
GPT-4.1 nano
GPT-4.1 nano is the smallest, fastest, and least expensive model in OpenAI's GPT-4.1 family of large language models, released on April 14, 2025.
GPT-4.5
GPT-4.5 is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released as a research preview on February 27, 2025, then deprecated and removed from the API on July 14, 2025, less than five months later.
GPT-4V (Vision)
GPT-4V, also written GPT-4V(ision) and read as "GPT-4 with vision," is the image-understanding capability that OpenAI added to its GPT-4 large language model, letting a user supply one or more images alongside…
GPT-5
GPT-5 is a family of proprietary large language models released by OpenAI on August 7, 2025.
GPT-5 Codex
GPT-5-Codex is a coding-specialised variant of OpenAI's GPT-5 model, announced on September 15, 2025 and tuned for agentic software engineering inside the OpenAI Codex product family.
GPT-5 Pro
GPT-5 Pro is a large language model developed by OpenAI and was the highest-capability variant of the original GPT-5 release.
GPT-5.1
GPT-5.1 is a family of large language models developed by OpenAI and released on November 12, 2025.
GPT-5.1-Codex-Max
GPT-5.1-Codex-Max is a frontier agentic coding model from OpenAI, released on November 19, 2025 for Codex, OpenAI's software engineering agent.
GPT-5.2
GPT-5.2 is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released on December 11, 2025. It is the second major update to the GPT-5 series, succeeding GPT-5.1, which had been released about a month earlier.
GPT-5.3
GPT-5.3 is a family of large language models released by OpenAI in February and March 2026 as part of the GPT-5 lineage.
GPT-5.4
GPT-5.4 is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released on March 5, 2026.
GPT-5.5
GPT-5.5 is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released on April 23, 2026.
GPT-5.6
GPT-5.6 is a family of proprietary multimodal large language models developed by OpenAI. The family entered a limited preview on June 26, 2026, and became generally available on July 9, 2026.
GPT-6 Astra
GPT-6 Astra is an OpenAI model that the company began rolling out on September 3, 2026, describing it as "the world's most intelligent and aligned model" and as the successor to the GPT-5.6 family.
GPT-6 Sol
GPT-6 Sol is a proprietary large language model developed by OpenAI and released on September 22, 2026, together with a smaller companion model, GPT-6 Luna.
GPT-6.1 Sol
GPT-6.1 Sol is a proprietary large language model developed by OpenAI and released on September 29, 2026, at the company's DevDay 2026 event.
GPT-6.1 Terra
GPT-6.1 Terra is a proprietary large language model developed by OpenAI and released on October 26, 2026.
GPT-J
GPT-J (full release name GPT-J-6B) is a 6-billion-parameter autoregressive transformer language model released by the EleutherAI collective in June 2021
GSM8K
GSM8K (Grade School Math 8K) is an English-language benchmark of grade-school arithmetic word problems released by OpenAI researchers in 2021.
Galactica (language model)
Galactica is a large language model for science, built by the Papers with Code team at Meta AI and released on 15 November 2022.
Gemini (language model)
Gemini is a family of natively multimodal large language models developed by Google DeepMind, first announced on December 6, 2023, that can reason across text, images, audio, video, and code within a single…
Gemini 1.0
Gemini 1.0 is the first generation of Gemini, the family of natively multimodal AI models that Google DeepMind announced on 6 December 2023.
Gemini 1.5 Flash
Gemini 1.5 Flash is a lightweight, low-latency multimodal large language model from Google DeepMind, released at Google I/O on May 14, 2024, as the fast and cost-efficient member of the Gemini 1.5 family.
Gemini 1.5 Pro
Gemini 1.5 Pro is a multimodal large language model developed by Google DeepMind and announced on February 15, 2024, as the flagship model of the Gemini 1.5 generation.
Gemini 2.0 Flash
Gemini 2.0 Flash is a fast, low-cost multimodal large language model built by Google DeepMind as the flagship workhorse of the Gemini 2.0 generation, designed for the agentic era with native tool use, a 1…
Gemini 2.0 Flash Thinking
Gemini 2.0 Flash Thinking is an experimental reasoning model released by Google as part of the Gemini 2.0 family.
Gemini 2.0 Flash-Lite
Gemini 2.0 Flash-Lite is a large language model developed by Google DeepMind and released as the most cost-efficient member of the Gemini 2.0 model family.
Gemini 2.5 Deep Think
Gemini 2.5 Deep Think is Google DeepMind's enhanced reasoning mode for the Gemini 2.5 Pro model that uses a technique called "parallel thinking" to explore many candidate solution paths at once before…
Gemini 2.5 Flash
Gemini 2.5 Flash is a fast, cost-optimized multimodal large language model developed by Google DeepMind and the mid-tier member of the Gemini 2.5 family.
Gemini 2.5 Pro
Gemini 2.5 Pro is the flagship reasoning large language model of Google's Gemini 2.5 family, developed by Google DeepMind and first released as an experimental preview on March 25, 2025
Gemini 3
Gemini 3 is the third major generation of the Gemini family of multimodal models from Google DeepMind, launched on November 18, 2025 with Gemini 3 Pro as the flagship and described by Google as "our most…
Gemini 3 Flash
Gemini 3 Flash is a multimodal large language model released by Google on December 17, 2025 as the fast, lower-cost sibling to Gemini 3 Pro in the Gemini 3 family.
Gemini 3.1 Pro
Gemini 3.1 Pro is a large language model developed by Google DeepMind and released on 19 February 2026 as a point-release upgrade to Gemini 3 Pro.
Gemini 3.5 Flash
Gemini 3.5 Flash is a fast frontier large language model developed by Google DeepMind, announced at Google I/O 2026 on May 19, 2026 and made generally available the same day.
Gemini 3.6 Flash
Gemini 3.6 Flash is a proprietary, multimodal large language model released by Google on July 21, 2026. It belongs to the Gemini 3 series and uses the stable API identifier gemini-3.6-flash.
Gemini 3.7 Flash
Gemini 3.7 Flash is a proprietary, multimodal large language model released by Google on August 13, 2026.
Gemini 3.8 Flash
Gemini 3.8 Flash is a multimodal model in Google's Gemini family. Google DeepMind released it on September 2, 2026 as a generally available model for software engineering, tool-using agents, and knowledge work.
Gemini 3.8 Flash Cyber
Gemini 3.8 Flash Cyber is a restricted-access model for AI in cybersecurity in Google's Gemini family. Google DeepMind announced it on September 2, 2026 alongside the generally available Gemini 3.8 Flash.
Gemini 4 Argon
Gemini 4 Argon is a frontier large language model from Google DeepMind, announced on September 30, 2026 as the first model released under the Gemini 4 name in the Gemini family
Gemini 4 Carbon
Gemini 4 Carbon is a proprietary frontier large language model from Google DeepMind, announced on October 28, 2026 as the second model released under the Gemini 4 name in the Gemini family.
Gemini Diffusion
Gemini Diffusion is an experimental text generation model from Google DeepMind that produces text and code using a diffusion process rather than the autoregressive
Gemini Nano
Gemini Nano is the smallest and most efficient variant of Google's Gemini family of multimodal large language models, designed to run directly on phones and other edge hardware instead of in cloud data centers.
Gemini Ultra
Gemini Ultra (branded Ultra 1.0) was the largest and most capable model in the Gemini 1.0 family, the first generation of natively multimodal large language models from Google DeepMind.
Gemini vs ChatGPT
As of July 28, 2026, neither Gemini nor ChatGPT is the better choice for every user. They are products whose available models, tools, limits, and integrations differ by plan.
Gemma
Gemma is a family of open-weight models developed by Google DeepMind. The family began in February 2024 with text-only decoder models derived from research used for Google's Gemini systems, then expanded to…
Gemma 2
Gemma 2 is a family of open-weights large language models developed by Google DeepMind and released starting June 27, 2024, in three parameter sizes: 2 billion (2B), 9 billion (9B), and 27 billion (27B).
Gemma 3
Gemma 3 is a family of open-weight large language models developed by Google DeepMind and released on March 12, 2025.
Gemma 4
Gemma 4 is a family of open-weight multimodal models developed by Google DeepMind and released on April 2, 2026.
GenRec (Netflix)
GenRec is an experimental large language model (LLM) backed recommendation ranker built at Netflix.
Goedel-Prover
Goedel-Prover is an open-source large language model designed for automated formal theorem proving in Lean 4.
Gopher (language model)
Gopher is a 280-billion-parameter autoregressive transformer language model developed by DeepMind and described in a trio of companion papers released on December 8, 2021.