GPT-5.2
GPT-5.2 is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released on December 11, 2025. It is the second major update to the GPT-5 series, succeeding GPT-5.1, which had been released about a month earlier.
Large Language Models
Explore language models, how they work, and the techniques used to build applications with them.
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GPT-5.3
GPT-5.3 is a family of large language models released by OpenAI in February and March 2026 as part of the GPT-5 lineage.
GPT-5.4
GPT-5.4 is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released on March 5, 2026.
GPT-5.5
GPT-5.5 is a large language model developed by OpenAI and released on April 23, 2026.
GPT-5.6
GPT-5.6 is a family of proprietary multimodal large language models developed by OpenAI. The family entered a limited preview on June 26, 2026, and became generally available on July 9, 2026.
GPT-6 Astra
GPT-6 Astra is an OpenAI model that the company began rolling out on September 3, 2026, describing it as "the world's most intelligent and aligned model" and as the successor to the GPT-5.6 family.
GPT-J
GPT-J (full release name GPT-J-6B) is a 6-billion-parameter autoregressive transformer language model released by the EleutherAI collective on June 9, 2021, and first announced in a blog post dated June 4
GSM8K
GSM8K (Grade School Math 8K) is an English-language benchmark of grade-school arithmetic word problems released by OpenAI researchers in 2021.
Galactica (language model)
Galactica is a large language model for science, built by the Papers with Code team at Meta AI and released on 15 November 2022.
Gemini (language model)
Gemini is a family of natively multimodal large language models developed by Google DeepMind, first announced on December 6, 2023, that can reason across text, images, audio, video, and code within a single…
Gemini 1.0
Gemini 1.0 is the first generation of Gemini, the family of natively multimodal AI models that Google DeepMind announced on 6 December 2023 .
Gemini 1.5 Flash
Gemini 1.5 Flash is a lightweight, low-latency multimodal large language model from Google DeepMind, released at Google I/O on May 14, 2024, as the fast and cost-efficient member of the Gemini 1.5 family.
Gemini 1.5 Pro
Gemini 1.5 Pro is a multimodal large language model developed by Google DeepMind and announced on February 15, 2024, as the flagship model of the Gemini 1.5 generation.
Gemini 2.0 Flash
Gemini 2.0 Flash is a fast, low-cost multimodal large language model built by Google DeepMind as the flagship workhorse of the Gemini 2.0 generation, designed for the agentic era with native tool use, a 1…
Gemini 2.0 Flash Thinking
Gemini 2.0 Flash Thinking is an experimental reasoning model released by Google as part of the Gemini 2.0 family.
Gemini 2.0 Flash-Lite
Gemini 2.0 Flash-Lite is a large language model developed by Google DeepMind and released as the most cost-efficient member of the Gemini 2.0 model family.
Gemini 2.5 Deep Think
Gemini 2.5 Deep Think is Google DeepMind's enhanced reasoning mode for the Gemini 2.5 Pro model that uses a technique called "parallel thinking" to explore many candidate solution paths at once before…
Gemini 2.5 Flash
Gemini 2.5 Flash is a fast, cost-optimized multimodal large language model developed by Google DeepMind and the mid-tier member of the Gemini 2.5 family.
Gemini 2.5 Pro
Gemini 2.5 Pro is the flagship reasoning large language model of Google's Gemini 2.5 family, developed by Google DeepMind and first released as an experimental preview on March 25, 2025
Gemini 3
Gemini 3 is the third major generation of the Gemini family of multimodal models from Google DeepMind, launched on November 18, 2025 with Gemini 3 Pro as the flagship and described by Google as "our most…
Gemini 3 Flash
Gemini 3 Flash is a multimodal large language model released by Google on December 17, 2025 as the fast, lower-cost sibling to Gemini 3 Pro in the Gemini 3 family.
Gemini 3.1 Pro
Gemini 3.1 Pro is a large language model developed by Google DeepMind and released on 19 February 2026 as a point-release upgrade to Gemini 3 Pro .
Gemini 3.5 Flash
Gemini 3.5 Flash is a fast frontier large language model developed by Google DeepMind, announced at Google I/O 2026 on May 19, 2026 and made generally available the same day .
Gemini 3.6 Flash
Gemini 3.6 Flash is a proprietary, multimodal large language model released by Google on July 21, 2026. It belongs to the Gemini 3 series and uses the stable API identifier gemini-3.6-flash.
Gemini 3.7 Flash
Gemini 3.7 Flash is a proprietary, multimodal large language model released by Google on August 13, 2026.
Gemini 3.8 Flash
Gemini 3.8 Flash is a multimodal model in Google's Gemini family. Google DeepMind released it on September 2, 2026 as a generally available model for software engineering, tool-using agents, and knowledge work.
Gemini 3.8 Flash Cyber
Gemini 3.8 Flash Cyber is a restricted-access model for AI in cybersecurity in Google's Gemini family. Google DeepMind announced it on September 2, 2026 alongside the generally available Gemini 3.8 Flash.
Gemini Diffusion
Gemini Diffusion is an experimental text generation model from Google DeepMind that produces text and code using a diffusion process rather than the autoregressive
Gemini Nano
Gemini Nano is the smallest and most efficient variant of Google's Gemini family of multimodal large language models, designed to run directly on phones and other edge hardware instead of in cloud data centers.
Gemini Ultra
Gemini Ultra (branded Ultra 1.0) was the largest and most capable model in the Gemini 1.0 family, the first generation of natively multimodal large language models from Google DeepMind.
Gemini vs ChatGPT
As of July 28, 2026, neither Gemini nor ChatGPT is the better choice for every user. They are products whose available models, tools, limits, and integrations differ by plan.
Gemma
Gemma is a family of open-weight models developed by Google DeepMind. The family began in February 2024 with text-only decoder models derived from research used for Google's Gemini systems, then expanded to…
Gemma 2
Gemma 2 is a family of open-weights large language models developed by Google DeepMind and released starting June 27, 2024, in three parameter sizes: 2 billion (2B), 9 billion (9B), and 27 billion (27B).
Gemma 3
Gemma 3 is a family of open-weight large language models developed by Google DeepMind and released on March 12, 2025.
Gemma 4
Gemma 4 is a family of open-weight multimodal models developed by Google DeepMind and released on April 2, 2026.
Goedel-Prover
Goedel-Prover is an open-source large language model designed for automated formal theorem proving in Lean 4.
Gopher (language model)
Gopher is a 280-billion-parameter autoregressive transformer language model developed by DeepMind and described in a trio of companion papers released on December 8, 2021.
Graph of Thoughts
Graph of Thoughts (GoT) is a prompting and reasoning framework that models the intermediate steps of a large language model as an arbitrary directed graph rather than a linear chain or a tree.
Greedy decoding
Greedy decoding (also called greedy search or argmax decoding) is the simplest text-generation strategy used by autoregressive language models: at every step it picks the single highest-probability next token…
Grok
Grok is a family of generative artificial intelligence chatbots and large language models (LLMs) built by xAI, the company founded by Elon Musk.
Grok 3
Grok 3 is a family of large language models released by xAI, Elon Musk's artificial intelligence company, on February 17, 2025.
Grok 3 Jailbreak
Grok 3 jailbreak is the umbrella term for a class of reported guardrail-bypass findings against Grok 3, the third-generation large language model that xAI released on February 17, 2025.
Grok 4
Grok 4 is a large language model developed by xAI and released on July 9, 2025. It is the fourth major generation of the Grok model family and was positioned as xAI's most capable model to date at its release.
Grok 4.1
Grok 4.1 is a large language model developed by xAI, released on November 17, 2025.
Grok 4.3
Grok 4.3 is a frontier large language model developed by xAI, released through the company's API on April 30, 2026 and rolled out to general availability the following week.
Grok 4.5
Grok 4.5 is a proprietary multimodal large language model and reasoning model in the Grok family. It was developed by SpaceXAI in collaboration with Cursor and released through the xAI API on July 8, 2026.
Grok 4.6
Grok 4.6 is a proprietary large language model and reasoning model in the Grok family, developed by SpaceXAI and released jointly with Cursor through the xAI API on August 12, 2026.
Grok Code Fast
Grok Code Fast is a family of coding-specialized large language models from xai, the artificial intelligence company founded by elon musk.
Grounding (artificial intelligence)
Grounding in artificial intelligence is the process of anchoring an AI system's outputs to verifiable
Guardrails (AI)
AI guardrails are runtime safety mechanisms that monitor, validate, and constrain the inputs and outputs of AI systems, particularly large language models (LLMs), to block harmful, inaccurate, or off-policy…
Guillaume Lample
Guillaume Lample (born 8 October 1990) is a French artificial intelligence researcher and entrepreneur, best known as a senior author of the LLaMA paper produced at Meta AI and as a co-founder and chief…
H2O (Heavy-Hitter Oracle for KV Cache)
H2O (Heavy-Hitter Oracle) is a training-free, runtime KV cache eviction policy for autoregressive large language model inference.
HaluEval
HaluEval (Hallucination Evaluation) is a large-scale benchmark for measuring how well large language models (LLMs) can recognize hallucinated content, that is, text that conflicts with a source or cannot be…
HarmBench
HarmBench is a standardized evaluation framework for automated red teaming and robust refusal of large language models (LLMs).
Harvey Tenet
Harvey Tenet is a legal-domain large language model derived from Kimi K3 and post-trained by Harvey with Fireworks AI. Harvey described the system in an Aug.
Hermes 4
Hermes 4 is a family of open-weight large language models released by Nous Research in late August 2025.
How to Pressure LLMs for Better Output
Pressuring large language models (LLMs) is a family of prompt engineering techniques that try to push a model toward better output by adding emotional weight, urgency, stakes, or coercion to the prompt.
How to Prevent OpenAI and Google From Training Their LLMs on Your Website's Data
You can stop OpenAI, Google, Anthropic, and most other major AI companies from using your website to train large language models (LLMs) by adding a small set of directives to your site's robots.txt file.
Huawei AI
Huawei's AI strategy is to build a fully self-sufficient, vertically integrated AI stack inside China, spanning custom Ascend accelerators, the CANN software layer, the MindSpore framework, the Pangu family of…
Huawei PanGu
PanGu (盘古, sometimes written Pangu) is a family of large AI models developed by Huawei, primarily through Huawei Cloud and Huawei's Noah's Ark Lab (诺亚方舟实验室).