Hunyuan
Hunyuan is Tencent's brand for its foundation models, an umbrella covering large language models, video generation, image synthesis, 3D asset creation, and multimodal reasoning.
Large Language Models
Explore language models, how they work, and the techniques used to build applications with them.
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Showing 241-300 of 545 articles
Hunyuan-A13B
Hunyuan-A13B is an open-weight mixture-of-experts large language model released by Tencent in late June 2025.
Hy4 Preview
Hy4 Preview is an open-weight large language model released by the Tencent Hy Team on August 28, 2026.
IBM Granite
IBM Granite is a family of open foundation models built by IBM for enterprise use, released under the permissive Apache 2.0 license and delivered through IBM's watsonx platform.
IBM Granite 4.0
IBM Granite 4.0 is the fourth generation of IBM's Granite family of open-weight enterprise large language models, released on October 2, 2025.
IBM watsonx
IBM watsonx is an enterprise artificial intelligence and data platform built by IBM and announced on May 9, 2023, at IBM's Think conference by CEO Arvind Krishna.
IFEval
IFEval (Instruction-Following Evaluation) is a benchmark of 541 prompts that measures how reliably large language models obey explicit, machine-checkable instructions such as "write in more than 400 words,"…
In-Context Learning
In-context learning (ICL) is the ability of a large language model to learn a new task at inference time by conditioning on a prompt that contains a few input-output examples (demonstrations)
Inception Labs
Inception Labs (often referred to simply as Inception) is a Palo Alto, California-based artificial intelligence startup that commercializes diffusion language models (dLLMs) for text and code generation.
Indirect prompt injection
Indirect prompt injection is a class of attack against large language model-integrated applications in which the malicious instructions that subvert the model are not supplied by the user, but are smuggled…
Inference optimization
Inference optimization is the set of techniques that make running a trained artificial intelligence model, especially a large language model, faster, more memory-efficient, and cheaper to serve in production.
InfiniteBench
InfiniteBench (stylized as ∞Bench) is a long-context benchmark that tests whether large language models (LLMs) can genuinely process and reason over inputs longer than 100,000 tokens, using 12 tasks that span…
Inflection 3
Inflection 3 is the third-generation family of large language models developed by Inflection AI, announced on October 7, 2024.
Inflection AI
Inflection AI is an American artificial intelligence company founded in March 2022 by Mustafa Suleyman (co-founder of Google DeepMind), Karén Simonyan, and Reid Hoffman (co-founder of LinkedIn).
Inkling (Thinking Machines Lab)
Inkling is a multimodal large language model released on 2026-07-15 by Thinking Machines Lab, the startup founded by former OpenAI chief technology officer Mira Murati.
InstructGPT
InstructGPT is a family of language models released by OpenAI in January 2022 that take the base GPT-3 and fine-tune it to follow user instructions more helpfully, truthfully, and with less toxic output, using…
Instruction Tuning
Instruction tuning is the post-pretraining training stage in which a large language model (LLM) is fine-tuned on a curated collection of (instruction
Instructor (library)
Instructor is an open-source Python library that returns type-safe, Pydantic-validated structured outputs from large language model APIs.
InternLM
InternLM (Chinese name Shusheng Puyu, 书生·浦语) is a family of open-weight large language models developed primarily by Shanghai AI Laboratory, with partners that include SenseTime, the Chinese University of Hong…
InternVL3
InternVL3 is an open-weights family of multimodal AI large language models released on April 11, 2025 by OpenGVLab, the general vision team associated with Shanghai AI Laboratory.
Jailbreak (artificial intelligence)
A jailbreak in artificial intelligence is a technique that bypasses the safety guardrails, content policies, and alignment constraints built into large language models (LLMs) and other AI systems
JailbreakBench
JailbreakBench is an open-source robustness benchmark for evaluating jailbreak attacks and defenses against large language models (LLMs).
Jamba
Jamba is a family of open-weight large language models from AI21 Labs, first released on March 28, 2024, and is the world's first production-grade language model built on a Mamba state space model (SSM)…
Jamba Reasoning 3B
Jamba Reasoning 3B is an open-weight small reasoning model released by the Israeli artificial-intelligence company AI21 Labs on October 8, 2025 .
Jamba2
Jamba2 is the second generation of hybrid State Space Model and Transformer language models released by AI21 Labs on January 8, 2026.
Jet-Nemotron
Jet-Nemotron is a family of small hybrid-architecture language models released by NVIDIA Research in August 2025.
KV cache offloading
KV cache offloading is the practice of moving part or all of a Transformer model's KV cache out of accelerator memory (GPU HBM) into a larger, slower tier such as CPU DRAM, local NVMe storage, or remote…
Kimi (chatbot)
Kimi is an artificial intelligence assistant and chatbot developed by Moonshot AI.
Kimi K1.5
Kimi K1.5 is a multimodal reasoning large language model developed by Moonshot AI, a Beijing-based artificial intelligence company.
Kimi K2
Kimi K2 is an open-weights Mixture of Experts language model from Moonshot AI, a Beijing startup, released on July 11, 2025 with 1.04 trillion total parameters and 32.6 billion activated per token
Kimi K2 Thinking
Kimi K2 Thinking is a reasoning and agentic large language model released by the Chinese startup Moonshot AI on November 6, 2025.
Kimi K2.5
Kimi K2.5 is an open-weights, natively multimodal large language model developed by Moonshot AI and released on January 27, 2026 .
Kimi K2.6
Kimi K2.6 is an open-weight, trillion-parameter mixture of experts (MoE) large language model released by Moonshot AI on 20 April 2026 for agentic coding and long-horizon autonomous execution.
Kimi K2.7-Code
Kimi K2.7-Code is an open-weight, coding-focused agentic model released by Moonshot AI on 2026-06-12.
Kimi K3
Kimi K3 is an open-weight multimodal reasoning model developed by Moonshot AI. Moonshot made the model available through its hosted products on July 16, 2026 and published the weights, code, configuration…
Kimi Linear
Kimi Linear is a hybrid linear attention architecture published by Moonshot AI on October 30, 2025, together with a 48-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts model that activates 3 billion parameters per token.
Knowledge Editing
Knowledge editing (also called model editing) is a family of techniques for updating or correcting specific factual associations stored in the weights of a trained large language model without full retraining…
LLM API Pricing Comparison
Every figure in this article is a US dollar list rate per 1,000,000 tokens, taken from the provider's own pricing page.
LLM Benchmark Comparison (Leaderboard Overview)
As of July 2026, no single model wins every LLM benchmark, but Anthropic's Claude Fable 5 tops the most: it currently leads MMLU-Pro (91.5%), SWE-bench Verified (95.0%), Humanity's Last Exam in both the…
LLM Compiler (Meta)
The Meta Large Language Model Compiler, usually shortened to LLM Compiler, is a family of pre-trained large language model models built by Meta AI for code and compiler optimization tasks.
LLM Context Window Comparison
As of July 2026, the largest context window ever announced belongs to Magic's LTM-2-mini at 100,000,000 tokens (100M), but it is a research prototype that has never been publicly released.
LLM Evaluation
LLM evaluation is the practice of measuring what a large language model can do, how reliably it does it, and how it behaves under adversarial or high-stakes conditions.
LLM Size and Parameter Comparison
As of July 2026, OpenAI has never officially disclosed how many parameters GPT-5 has, and no GPT-5.x version ships a public size
LLM inference engine
An LLM inference engine (also called an LLM serving engine or LLM inference server) is the systems software stack that loads trained large language model weights into GPU or CPU memory and answers user…
LLM-as-a-Verifier
LLM-as-a-Verifier is a probabilistic verification framework and open-source Python package for scoring and selecting large language model agent trajectories.
LLM-as-a-judge
LLM-as-a-judge is the practice of using a strong large language model to evaluate the outputs of other models, or of itself, in place of a human annotator.
LLM.int8()
LLM.int8() is an 8-bit matrix multiplication scheme for large language model inference that preserves accuracy across models up to 175 billion parameters by combining vector-wise quantization with a…
LLaDA (Large Language Diffusion)
LLaDA (Large Language Diffusion with mAsking) is a family of non-autoregressive large language models that generate text by iteratively denoising a sequence of mask tokens rather than predicting tokens left to…
LLaMA
LLaMA is the original name of a family of large language models developed by Meta AI.
LLaMA/Model Card
The Llama model card is the official documentation that Meta AI ships with each release of the Llama family of large language models.
LM Studio
LM Studio is a desktop application for discovering, downloading, and running large language models locally on personal hardware, available free for both personal and commercial use on macOS, Windows, and Linux.
LaMDA
LaMDA (short for Language Model for Dialogue Applications) is a family of conversational large language models developed by Google, built on the Transformer architecture and fine-tuned for open-ended dialogue…
LangChain
LangChain is an open-source software framework for applications that use large language models.
Large Language Model
A large language model (LLM) is an artificial intelligence system built on a transformer neural network with billions to trillions of parameters, trained on massive text corpora to predict the next token in a…
LayoutLM
LayoutLM is a family of pre-trained multimodal models developed by Microsoft Research for document AI, the task of automatically reading and understanding visually rich documents such as forms, invoices…
Leanstral 1.5
Leanstral 1.5 is an open-weight model from Mistral AI for formal proof engineering in Lean 4.
Least-to-Most Prompting
Least-to-Most Prompting is a few-shot prompting technique for large language models introduced by researchers at Google Brain in May 2022.
LegalBench
LegalBench is a collaboratively constructed benchmark for measuring legal reasoning in large language models (LLMs)
Ling-1T
Ling-1T is a trillion-parameter open-weight language model released by Ant Group through its Inclusion AI research group on October 9, 2025.
Ling-3.0-flash
Ling-3.0-flash is an open-weight mixture-of-experts language model from inclusionAI, the open-source AI initiative of Ant Group, and the first model of the Ling 3.0 generation.