Machine learning terms/All

See also: Machine learning terms

This alphabetical glossary collects core terminology used across machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning, large language models, and TensorFlow tooling. Each entry includes a short definition drawn from references such as the Google Machine Learning Glossary and Wikipedia. Terms are grouped by first letter for easier scanning.

A

• A/B testing: Comparing two variants on randomly assigned users.
• accuracy: Fraction of correct predictions.
• action: An RL agent's choice changing environment state.
• activation function: Nonlinearity applied to a neuron's weighted sum.
• active learning: Training where the model picks which examples to label.
• AdaGrad: Adaptive per-parameter learning rate optimizer.
• agent: RL entity acting in an environment for reward.
• agglomerative clustering: Bottom-up hierarchical clustering.
• anomaly detection: Spotting data points unlike typical patterns.
• AR: Augmented reality.
• area under the PR curve: Summary of precision-recall tradeoff.
• area under the ROC curve: Probability classifier ranks a positive above a negative.
• artificial general intelligence: Hypothetical human-level general AI.
• artificial intelligence: Field building machines that reason or perceive.
• attention: Mechanism weighting input parts when producing output.
• attention mechanism: Query-key-value weighted sum used in transformers.
• attribute: Synonym for feature.
• attribute sampling: Random feature subset chosen at each tree split.
• AUC (Area under the ROC curve): Threshold-independent classifier metric.
• augmented reality: Computer imagery overlaid on a real-world view.
• automation bias: Favoring automated suggestions over other sources.
• autoencoder: Network learning to reconstruct input through a bottleneck.
• average precision: Single-number precision-recall curve summary.
• axis-aligned condition: Tree split on one feature against a threshold.

B

• backpropagation: Chain-rule gradient computation through a network.
• bagging: Ensemble averaging models trained on bootstrapped subsets.
• bag of words: Text representation counting words, ignoring order.
• baseline: Simple reference model for comparison.
• batch: Group of examples processed together.
• batch normalization: Normalizing activations per batch to stabilize training.
• batch size: Examples per gradient update.
• Bayesian neural network: Network with distributions over weights.
• Bayesian optimization: Hyperparameter tuning with a probabilistic surrogate.
• Bellman equation: Recursive equation for optimal state value.
• BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers): Transformer pretrained with masked language modeling.
• bias (ethics/fairness): Unfair model preference across groups.
• bias (math) or bias term: Learned constant added to a weighted sum.
• bigram: Pair of adjacent tokens.
• bidirectional: Processing sequences from both directions.
• bidirectional language model: Model using context on both sides of each token.
• binary classification: Classification with two possible classes.
• binary condition: Tree test with two outcomes.
• binning: Mapping continuous values into discrete buckets.
• BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy): Translation metric on n-gram overlap.
• boosting: Sequential ensemble correcting prior errors.
• bounding box: Rectangle around a detected object.
• broadcasting: Aligning tensor shapes for element-wise math.
• bucketing: Synonym for binning.

C

• calibration layer: Adjusts predicted probabilities to match observed frequencies.
• candidate generation: First recommender stage selecting an item subset.
• candidate sampling: Using a subset of negative classes in loss.
• categorical data: Features with a small set of discrete values.
• causal language model: Predicts next token from past context only.
• centroid: Center point of a cluster.
• centroid-based clustering: Clustering represented by central points.
• chain of thought: Prompting that elicits intermediate reasoning steps.
• checkpoint: Saved snapshot of model parameters.
• class: One discrete output category.
• classification model: Model predicting class labels.
• classification threshold: Probability cutoff for the positive class.
• class-imbalanced dataset: Dataset with very unequal class frequencies.
• clipping: Bounding values within a fixed range.
• Cloud TPU: Google's cloud-hosted TPU service.
• clustering: Unsupervised grouping of similar examples.
• co-adaptation: Neurons depending on specific neighbors.
• collaborative filtering: Recommendations from patterns of many users.
• condition: Tree feature test choosing the next branch.
• confirmation bias: Interpreting evidence to confirm existing beliefs.
• confusion matrix: Table of predicted versus actual labels.
• continuous feature: Feature with any real value in an interval.
• convenience sampling: Sampling from easily accessible sources.
• convergence: State where further training barely changes loss.
• convex function: Function whose graph lies below any chord.
• convex optimization: Minimizing convex functions over convex sets.
• convex set: Set containing every segment between its points.
• convolution: Sliding a filter over data to produce feature maps.
• convolutional filter: Small weight matrix detecting a feature.
• convolutional layer: Layer applying convolutional filters.
• convolutional neural network: Network using convolutional layers, common for images.
• convolutional operation: Multiply-and-sum as a filter slides over input.
• cost: Synonym for loss.
• co-training: Two models on different views label data for each other.
• counterfactual fairness: Predictions unchanged under altered sensitive attributes.
• coverage bias: Bias when sampling omits relevant subgroups.
• crash blossom: Ambiguous headline illustrating language parsing challenges.
• critic: Actor-critic value estimator guiding the actor.
• cross-entropy: Loss comparing predicted and true distributions.
• cross-validation: Rotating which data fold is held out.

D

• data analysis: Inspecting data to guide modeling.
• data augmentation: Generating extra examples by transformation.
• DataFrame: Tabular labeled data structure used in pandas.
• data parallelism: Replicating a model across devices splitting the batch.
• data set or dataset: Collection of examples used for training or evaluation.
• Dataset API (tf.data): TensorFlow API for input pipelines.
• decision boundary: Surface separating predicted classes.
• decision forest: Ensemble of decision trees.
• decision threshold: Synonym for classification threshold.
• decision tree: Model with branching feature tests.
• deep model: Network with many hidden layers.
• decoder: Encoder-decoder part generating outputs from a representation.
• deep neural network: Network with many stacked hidden layers.
• Deep Q-Network (DQN): Deep network approximating the Q-function.
• demographic parity: Equal positive prediction rates across groups.
• denoising: Removing noise or reconstructing clean signal.
• dense feature: Feature with mostly nonzero values.
• dense layer: Layer connecting every input to every output.
• depth: Number of layers in a network.
• depthwise separable convolutional neural network (sepCNN): Efficient CNN factorizing convolutions.
• derived label: Label computed from other data.
• device: CPU, GPU, or TPU running operations.
• diffusion model: Generative model reversing a noising process.
• dimension reduction: Mapping data to fewer dimensions preserving structure.
• dimensions: Independent axes of a tensor.
• discrete feature: Feature with countable possible values.
• discriminative model: Model learning conditional probability of labels.
• discriminator: GAN network distinguishing real from fake.
• disparate impact: Decisions disproportionately harming a protected group.
• disparate treatment: Direct use of sensitive attributes in decisions.
• divisive clustering: Top-down hierarchical clustering.
• downsampling: Reducing data rate or majority-class count.
• DQN: Abbreviation for Deep Q-Network.
• dropout regularization: Randomly zeroing neurons during training.
• dynamic: Continuously updated rather than static.
• dynamic model: Model retrained continuously as data arrives.

E

• eager execution: TensorFlow mode running ops immediately.
• early stopping: Stopping when validation loss stops improving.
• earth mover's distance (EMD): Distance based on minimum transport cost between distributions.
• embedding: Learned dense vector for a discrete object.
• embedding layer: Maps discrete tokens to dense vectors.
• embedding space: Vector space where geometry reflects similarity.
• embedding vector: Dense vector for one item.
• empirical risk minimization (ERM): Choosing a model that minimizes average training loss.
• encoder: Maps inputs to a fixed-size representation.
• ensemble: Combination of several models' predictions.
• entropy: Uncertainty measure of a distribution.
• environment: System an RL agent acts within.
• episode: One full RL run from start to terminal.
• epoch: One full pass through the training data.
• epsilon greedy policy: Greedy mostly but explores with probability epsilon.
• equality of opportunity: Equal true positive rates across groups.
• equalized odds: Equal true and false positive rates across groups.
• Estimator: TensorFlow high-level model API.
• example: One data instance fed to a model.
• experience replay: Sampling stored RL transitions for training.
• experimenter's bias: Researcher expectations influencing data or analysis.
• exploding gradient problem: Gradients growing uncontrollably during backprop.

F

• fairness constraint: Formal restriction enforcing a fairness criterion.
• fairness metric: Measure of behavior across protected groups.
• false negative (FN): Negative prediction with positive truth.
• false negative rate: Fraction of actual positives missed.
• false positive (FP): Positive prediction with negative truth.
• false positive rate (FPR): Fraction of negatives misclassified positive.
• feature: Measurable input variable used by a model.
• feature cross: Synthetic feature from combining features.
• feature engineering: Designing features to improve performance.
• feature extraction: Computing informative variables from raw data.
• feature importances: Scores of each feature's contribution.
• feature set: Features used by a particular model.
• feature spec: Description of feature names and types.
• feature vector: Ordered list of feature values for one example.
• federated learning: Training across devices that keep data local.
• feedback loop: When predictions influence future training data.
• feedforward neural network (FFN): Network with connections only forward.
• few-shot learning: Task performance from a few examples.
• fine tuning: Continuing training of a pretrained model.
• foundation model: Large pretrained model adaptable to many tasks.
• forget gate: LSTM gate discarding cell-state information.
• full softmax: Softmax over the entire vocabulary.
• fully connected layer: Synonym for dense layer.

G

• GAN: Abbreviation for generative adversarial network.
• generalization: Performance on unseen data.
• generalization curve: Plot of training versus validation loss.
• generalized linear model: Linear model with link function.
• generative adversarial network (GAN): Generator trained against a discriminator.
• generative AI: AI producing new content like text or images.
• generative model: Model of the joint distribution able to synthesize samples.
• generator: GAN network producing synthetic data.
• GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer): Autoregressive transformer family from OpenAI.
• gini impurity: Misclassification probability at a tree node.
• gradient: Vector of partial derivatives indicating steepest ascent.
• gradient boosting: Boosting fitting each model to loss gradient.
• gradient boosted (decision) trees (GBT): Gradient boosting using shallow trees.
• gradient clipping: Capping gradient magnitudes during training.
• gradient descent: Optimization stepping opposite the loss gradient.
• graph: TensorFlow computation representation of nodes and edges.
• graph execution: Running a precompiled TensorFlow graph.
• greedy policy: Always picking the highest-valued action.
• ground truth: Correct label for an example.
• group attribution bias: Assuming individuals match their group's traits.

H

• hallucination: Fluent but factually incorrect generative output.
• hashing: Mapping inputs to fixed-size integers.
• heuristic: Rule of thumb without optimality guarantee.
• hidden layer: Layer between input and output.
• hierarchical clustering: Clustering forming a tree of nested groups.
• hinge loss: SVM margin-based loss.
• holdout data: Examples reserved for final evaluation.
• hyperparameter: Training setting chosen before optimization.
• hyperplane: Flat decision surface in feature space.

I

• i.i.d.: Independent and identically distributed.
• image recognition: Identifying content within images.
• imbalanced dataset: Dataset with very unequal class counts.
• implicit bias: Unconscious attitudes affecting data work.
• incompatibility of fairness metrics: Theorem that some fairness criteria cannot coexist.
• independently and identically distributed (i.i.d): Examples drawn independently from one distribution.
• individual fairness: Similar individuals get similar predictions.
• inference: Using a trained model to predict.
• inference path: Tree conditions an example follows to a leaf.
• information gain: Entropy reduction from splitting on a feature.
• in-group bias: Favoring members of one's own group.
• input layer: First network layer receiving features.
• in-set condition: Tree test on set membership.
• instance: Synonym for example.
• interpretability: How understandable model reasoning is.
• inter-rater agreement: How often labelers agree on labels.
• intersection over union (IoU): Overlap-to-union ratio between regions.
• IoU: Abbreviation for intersection over union.
• item matrix: Factor matrix for items in matrix factorization.
• items: Objects suggested by a recommender.
• iteration: One parameter update from one batch.

K

• Keras: High-level neural network Python API.
• keypoints: Distinctive image points used for pose or matching.
• Kernel Support Vector Machines (KSVMs): SVMs using kernels in implicit feature spaces.
• k-means: Clustering by alternating assignment and centroid update.
• k-median: Clustering using medians instead of means.

L

• L0 regularization: Penalty on nonzero weight count.
• L1 loss: Sum of absolute prediction errors.
• L1 regularization: Penalty on absolute weights producing sparsity.
• L2 loss: Sum of squared prediction errors.
• L2 regularization: Penalty on squared weights encouraging small values.
• label: Correct output for an example.
• labeled example: Example with features and a known label.
• LaMDA (Language Model for Dialogue Applications): Google conversational language model.
• lambda: Hyperparameter controlling regularization strength.
• landmarks: Named coordinate points annotated on images.
• language model: Assigns probability to token sequences.
• large language model: Language model with billions of parameters.
• layer: Group of neurons or ops at a network stage.
• Layers API (tf.layers): TensorFlow reusable building blocks.
• leaf: Terminal tree node producing a prediction.
• learning rate: Step size for gradient updates.
• least squares regression: Regression minimizing squared residuals.
• linear model: Predictions as a weighted sum plus bias.
• linear: Expressible as a weighted sum.
• linear regression: Linear function predicting a continuous value.
• logistic regression: Classifier using a logistic function on a linear sum.
• logits: Raw scores before softmax or sigmoid.
• Log Loss: Logistic regression loss, equivalent to binary cross-entropy.
• log-odds: Log ratio of two outcome probabilities.
• Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM): Gated recurrent unit for long-range dependencies.
• LoRA: Low-rank adapter for parameter-efficient fine-tuning.
• loss: Quantity measuring prediction error.
• loss curve: Plot of loss over training steps.
• loss function: Formula aggregating prediction errors into a loss.
• loss surface: Landscape of loss across parameter values.
• LSTM: Abbreviation for Long Short-Term Memory.

M

• machine learning: Building systems that learn patterns from data.
• majority class: Most frequent class in an imbalanced dataset.
• Markov decision process (MDP): RL model of states, actions, transitions, rewards.
• Markov property: Future depends only on current state.
• masked language model: Predicts hidden tokens given context.
• matplotlib: Python plotting library.
• matrix factorization: Decomposing a matrix into smaller factor matrices.
• Mean Absolute Error (MAE): Average of absolute prediction errors.
• Mean Squared Error (MSE): Average of squared prediction errors.
• metric: Scalar summarizing model performance.
• meta-learning: Learning algorithms that learn new tasks quickly.
• Metrics API (tf.metrics): TensorFlow standard metrics module.
• mini-batch: Small group of examples for one update.
• mini-batch stochastic gradient descent: Gradient descent using mini-batches.
• minimax loss: Two-player adversarial GAN objective.
• minority class: Less frequent class in imbalanced data.
• mixture of experts: Architecture routing inputs to specialized sub-networks.
• ML: Abbreviation for machine learning.
• MNIST: Classic handwritten digit benchmark dataset.
• modality: A data type such as text, image, or audio.
• model: Object mapping inputs to predictions via learned parameters.
• model capacity: Range of functions a model can represent.
• model parallelism: Splitting a model across devices.
• model training: Fitting model parameters to data.
• Momentum: Optimizer using moving average of gradients.
• multi-class classification: Classification with more than two classes.
• multi-class logistic regression: Logistic regression with softmax across classes.
• multi-head self-attention: Parallel self-attention operations concatenated.
• multimodal model: Model handling multiple data modalities.
• multinomial classification: Synonym for multi-class classification.
• multinomial regression: Regression for probabilities across categories.

N

• NaN trap: Activations becoming NaN and spreading.
• natural language understanding: NLP subfield extracting meaning from text.
• negative class: Class without the tested condition.
• neural network: Connected layers of weighted units.
• neuron: Single unit computing weighted sum plus activation.
• N-gram: Sequence of n adjacent tokens.
• NLU: Abbreviation for natural language understanding.
• node (neural network): Synonym for a neuron.
• node (TensorFlow graph): Single op in a TensorFlow graph.
• node (decision tree): Point in a tree with a test or leaf.
• noise: Random variation not reflecting the underlying signal.
• non-binary condition: Tree test with more than two outcomes.
• nonlinear: Not expressible as a weighted sum.
• non-response bias: Bias from groups responding to surveys less often.
• nonstationarity: Data statistics changing over time.
• normalization: Rescaling values to a standard range.
• novelty detection: Identifying observations unlike training cases.
• numerical data: Features represented as numbers.
• NumPy: Python array computing library.

O

• objective: Quantity an algorithm optimizes.
• objective function: Function optimized during training.
• oblique condition: Tree split on a linear feature combination.
• offline: Performed in batch, not in real time.
• offline inference: Predicting in advance and storing results.
• one-hot encoding: Category as a vector with a single 1.
• one-shot learning: Learning from a single labeled example.
• one-vs.-all: Multi-class via one binary classifier per class.
• online: Processing data as it arrives.
• online inference: Predicting in real time on requests.
• operation (op): Named computation in a TensorFlow graph.
• out-of-bag evaluation (OOB evaluation): Ensemble accuracy from unsampled examples.
• optimizer: Algorithm updating parameters from gradients.
• out-group homogeneity bias: Seeing outside groups as more uniform.
• outlier detection: Identifying examples far from typical data.
• outliers: Examples with very atypical values.
• output layer: Final network layer producing predictions.
• overfitting: Fitting training data but failing to generalize.
• oversampling: Adding minority examples to balance classes.

P

• pandas: Python tabular data analysis library.
• parameter: Value learned during training.
• Parameter Server (PS): Distributed training architecture with shared servers.
• parameter update: One optimizer step changing parameters.
• partial derivative: Derivative with respect to one variable.
• participation bias: Bias when individuals choose to be included.
• partitioning strategy: Method splitting variables across machines.
• perceptron: Single-layer binary classifier.
• performance: Model quality or running speed.
• permutation variable importances: Importance from shuffling a feature.
• perplexity: Language model surprise metric on held-out text.
• pipeline: Sequence of processing and modeling steps.
• pipelining: Overlapping execution stages for throughput.
• policy: RL mapping from states to actions.
• pooling: CNN downsampling over local regions.
• positive class: Class with the tested condition present.
• post-processing: Steps applied to model output.
• PR AUC (area under the PR curve): Summary of precision-recall curve.
• precision: Fraction of predicted positives that are correct.
• precision-recall curve: Plot of precision versus recall tradeoff.
• prediction: Output a model produces for an input.
• prediction bias: Average prediction minus average label.
• predictive parity: Equal precision across groups.
• predictive rate parity: Equal positive predictive values across groups.
• preprocessing: Transforming raw data for training.
• pre-trained model: Model previously trained on a large dataset.
• prior belief: Initial assumption about parameters.
• probabilistic regression model: Regression outputting a target distribution.
• prompt engineering: Designing inputs to guide language model output.
• proxy (sensitive attributes): Feature correlating with a sensitive attribute.
• proxy labels: Substitute targets when true labels are unavailable.

Q

• Q-function: Expected return from action in a state under policy.
• Q-learning: Value-based RL learning the Q-function.
• quantile: Value below which a fraction of observations fall.
• quantile bucketing: Binning with equal counts per bucket.
• quantization: Reducing numerical precision of weights or activations.
• queue: Structure holding inputs awaiting processing.

R

• random forest: Ensemble of trees with random feature subsets.
• random policy: Policy choosing actions uniformly at random.
• ranking: Ordering items by relevance.
• rank (ordinality): Position of an item in a sorted list.
• rank (Tensor): Number of tensor dimensions.
• rater: Person labeling examples for training data.
• recall: Fraction of actual positives correctly identified.
• recommendation system: System suggesting items of interest to users.
• Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU): Activation returning input if positive, else zero.
• recurrent neural network: Sequence network with hidden state.
• regression model: Model predicting continuous values.
• regularization: Penalizing complexity to reduce overfitting.
• regularization rate: Hyperparameter for regularization strength.
• reinforcement learning (RL): Learning by interaction to maximize reward.
• reinforcement learning from human feedback: Fine-tuning models from human preference data.
• ReLU: Abbreviation for Rectified Linear Unit.
• replay buffer: Memory of past RL transitions.
• reporting bias: Bias from unrepresentative event reporting.
• representation: How examples are encoded as numbers.
• re-ranking: Second pass refining candidate order.
• retrieval augmented generation: Combining language models with document retrieval.
• return: Cumulative discounted RL reward.
• reward: RL feedback signal after an action.
• ridge regularization: Synonym for L2 regularization.
• RLHF: Abbreviation for reinforcement learning from human feedback.
• RNN: Abbreviation for recurrent neural network.
• ROC (receiver operating characteristic) Curve: Plot of TPR versus FPR across thresholds.
• root: Top decision tree node.
• root directory: Base folder for files like checkpoints.
• Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE): Square root of mean squared error.
• rotational invariance: Predictions unchanged under input rotation.

S

• sampling bias: Sampled data unrepresentative of population.
• sampling with replacement: Sampling where examples can repeat.
• SavedModel: TensorFlow serialization format for complete models.
• Saver: TensorFlow class for variable checkpoints.
• scalar: Tensor of rank zero, one number.
• scaling: Adjusting feature value ranges.
• scikit-learn: Python classical machine learning library.
• scoring: Producing numeric scores for candidates.
• selection bias: Selection correlating with outcomes.
• self-attention (also called self-attention layer): Attention within one sequence.
• self-supervised learning: Generating labels from the input itself.
• self-training: Using confident predictions as new labels.
• semi-supervised learning: Mixing labeled and unlabeled data.
• sensitive attribute: Feature treated specially for fairness.
• sentiment analysis: Classifying text by emotional attitude.
• sequence model: Model for ordered sequences.
• sequence-to-sequence task: Task with sequence input and output.
• serving: Deploying a model to answer requests.
• shape (Tensor): Sizes along each tensor dimension.
• shrinkage: Reducing boosting step contributions.
• sigmoid function: Activation mapping reals to between zero and one.
• similarity measure: Function quantifying example likeness.
• size invariance: Predictions unchanged under input rescaling.
• sketching: Approximate summaries of large datasets.
• softmax: Turning a vector into a probability distribution.
• sparse feature: Feature with mostly zero values.
• sparse representation: Representation with mostly zero entries.
• sparse vector: Vector storing only nonzero entries.
• sparsity: Proportion of zero entries.
• spatial pooling: Pooling across spatial feature map dimensions.
• split: Subset of data such as train or test.
• splitter: Tree component selecting best node conditions.
• squared hinge loss: Hinge loss with squared margin violation.
• squared loss: Squared prediction-target difference.
• stability: Consistency under small changes.
• staged training: Training in increasing-complexity phases.
• state: Description of RL environment at a moment.
• state-action value function: Synonym for Q-function.
• static: Trained once and not updated.
• static inference: Synonym for offline inference.
• stationarity: Data statistics unchanged over time.
• step: One training iteration on one batch.
• step size: Synonym for learning rate.
• stochastic gradient descent (SGD): Gradient descent on random examples or batches.
• stride: Convolutional filter step size.
• structural risk minimization (SRM): Balancing training error and complexity.
• subsampling: Selecting a smaller data subset.
• summary: TensorFlow value recorded for TensorBoard.
• supervised machine learning: Learning from labeled input-output pairs.
• synthetic feature: Feature derived from existing ones.

T

• tabular Q-learning: Q-learning storing values in a table.
• target: Synonym for label.
• target network: Delayed Q-network copy for stability.
• temporal data: Data indexed by time.
• Tensor: Multidimensional array, the deep learning data structure.
• TensorBoard: TensorFlow visualization toolkit for training runs.
• TensorFlow: Open-source machine learning platform from Google.
• TensorFlow Playground: Interactive browser tool for small networks.
• TensorFlow Serving: Production serving system for TensorFlow models.
• Tensor Processing Unit (TPU): Google's neural network hardware accelerator.
• Tensor rank: Number of tensor dimensions.
• Tensor shape: Sizes along each tensor dimension.
• Tensor size: Total number of tensor elements.
• termination condition: Criterion ending an iterative process.
• test: Tree condition or held-out evaluation set.
• test loss: Loss on the test set.
• test set: Held-out data for final evaluation.
• tf.Example: TensorFlow protocol buffer for one example.
• tf.keras: TensorFlow bundled Keras API.
• threshold (for decision trees): Cutoff value in a tree split.
• time series analysis: Studying data sequenced in time.
• timestep: One position in a sequence or RL tick.
• token: Discrete unit such as a word or subword.
• tower: Model replica in distributed training.
• TPU: Abbreviation for Tensor Processing Unit.
• TPU chip: Single integrated circuit performing TPU computation.
• TPU device: Board with one or more TPU chips.
• TPU master: Coordinator dispatching to TPU workers.
• TPU node: Cloud TPU resource exposed to a VM.
• TPU Pod: Cluster of many TPU chips on fast networking.
• TPU resource: Allocation of TPU compute in Google Cloud.
• TPU slice: Subset of TPU chips from a Pod.
• TPU type: TPU configuration label like v3 or v4.
• TPU worker: Process running TPU computation.
• training: Fitting model parameters to data.
• training loss: Loss on training data.
• training-serving skew: Gap between training and serving data processing.
• training set: Data used to fit model parameters.
• trajectory: Sequence of RL states, actions, rewards.
• transfer learning: Reusing knowledge across related tasks.
• Transformer: Self-attention-based architecture dominant in language modeling.
• translational invariance: Predictions unchanged under input shifts.
• trigram: Sequence of three adjacent tokens.
• true negative (TN): Correct negative prediction.
• true positive (TP): Correct positive prediction.
• true positive rate (TPR): Synonym for recall.

U

• unawareness (to a sensitive attribute): Fairness approach hiding sensitive attributes.
• underfitting: Model too simple to capture data patterns.
• undersampling: Reducing majority class examples.
• unidirectional: Sequence processing in one direction only.
• unidirectional language model: Language model conditioning only on past tokens.
• unlabeled example: Example without a known label.
• unsupervised machine learning: Learning structure without labels.
• uplift modeling: Causal modeling of an action's incremental effect.
• upweighting: Increasing example influence in loss.
• user matrix: Factor matrix for users in matrix factorization.

V

• validation: Evaluating on a held-out set for tuning.
• validation loss: Loss on the validation set.
• validation set: Data for model selection during development.
• vanishing gradient problem: Gradients shrinking to zero in deep networks.
• variable importances: Scores estimating feature influence.
• vector database: Storage for similarity search over embeddings.

W

• Wasserstein loss: GAN loss based on earth mover's distance.
• weight: Learned parameter scaling an input or activation.
• Weighted Alternating Least Squares (WALS): Matrix factorization by alternating least squares.
• weighted sum: Linear combination of inputs and weights.
• wide model: Few-layer model with many features and feature crosses.
• width: Number of units in a layer.
• wisdom of the crowd: Aggregated independent estimates often beat single ones.
• word embedding: Dense vector representation of a word.

Z

• zero-shot learning: Performing a task with no labeled examples.
• Z-score normalization: Rescaling to zero mean and unit variance.

References

• Google Developers: Machine Learning Glossary, https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary
• Wikipedia: Glossary of artificial intelligence, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
• Wikipedia: Machine learning, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning
• Wikipedia: Deep learning, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning
• IBM: What is machine learning?, https://www.ibm.com/topics/machine-learning
• scikit-learn glossary, https://scikit-learn.org/stable/glossary.html