World Humanoid Robot Games

World Humanoid Robot Games is a multi-event robotics competition series launched in Beijing in 2025. It brings humanoid robots into track and field, football, gymnastics, dance, combat, and applied tasks modeled on workplaces and public services. The format is broader than one sport and broader than one definition of autonomy: each event has its own robot, control, scoring, and safety rules.^[1][2]

The inaugural edition opened on Aug. 14, 2025, followed by competition from Aug. 15 through 17. It drew 280 teams from 16 countries and more than 500 robots, with 26 medal events. The main competition took place at Beijing's National Speed Skating Oval, while the organizer's venue list also named the National Stadium.^[1][3][4][5] The second edition ran from Aug. 22 through 26, 2026. Organizers reported registrations from 666 teams and 2,056 robots representing 16 countries, with a program of 51 events and 1,301 competitions across nine competition sessions. A Beijing municipal closing report said all 1,301 contests were completed. The team and robot totals remain registration figures, not verified counts of starters or finishers.^{[12][13][14][21][22][23][31]}

The Games are distinct from the World Robot Conference, a conference and exhibition also held in Beijing, and from the older RoboCup competition system. Their overlap is institutional and technical rather than categorical: the 2025 Games included a RoboCup Asia-Pacific Beijing Masters football tournament, but the Games also covered racing, performance, combat, and job-like tasks.^[1][5]

Organization and format

The 2025 organizer listed four co-hosts: the Beijing Municipal People's Government, China Media Group, the World Robot Cooperation Organization, and the RoboCup Asia-Pacific Confederation board. Municipal technology, sports, education, broadcasting, district, industry, and state-owned organizations formed the larger organizing structure. Teams could come from companies, universities, clubs, and other research groups.^[1]

Reuters reported that the 2025 field consisted of 192 university teams and 88 enterprise teams. That mix made the event both a public competition and a development venue. A member of Germany's HTWK Robots football team told Reuters that a competition allowed researchers to try ideas and see them fail before committing them to a product. His statement describes one participant's use of the event; it does not establish that every contest predicts commercial reliability.^[6]

The program was divided into athletic or competitive events, performance events, and scenario-based events. Athletic results could be a time, distance, height, score, or judged routine. Scenario events instead assigned points to task completion, errors, intervention, and control mode. Because these measurement systems differ, the overall Games do not produce one combined technical score.^[2]

Inaugural 2025 edition

Program and rule development

The first published rule batch, dated July 7, 2025, specified 18 events. Ten were competitive events: 100 m, 400 m, 1500 m, 4 x 100 m relay, 100 m obstacle, standing long jump, standing high jump, floor exercise, 3v3 football, and 5v5 football. Solo and group dance formed two performance events. Six scenario events covered factory material handling and organization, hospital medicine sorting and dispensing, and hotel reception and cleaning.^[2]

The same rulebook said that the organizing committee could revise the program and add events as preparations continued. By the closing report, the official total had reached 26 medal events. The 18-event list and 26-event final total therefore describe different stages of the program, not two counts of an unchanged schedule.^[2][5]

The rulebook also set a structural boundary around the word "humanoid." Most athletic entrants needed a torso, upper limbs, and two feet. Scenario robots could instead use wheels or two feet, and some performance and scenario entries were exempt from the standard body-proportion rule. Robots had to carry their own energy supply and remain one connected unit, apart from allowed remote-control and networking equipment.^[2]

Autonomy and scoring

Control mode varied across the 2025 program. The general rule allowed wireless manual control, including semiautonomous operation, or full autonomy. In the latter case, the team could send a start command from the designated area but could not continue controlling the robot. Floor exercise, solo dance, and group dance had to be fully autonomous.^[2]

For the five timed track events in the first rule batch, a remotely controlled run kept a coefficient of 1.0 while a fully autonomous run used 0.8. The resulting adjusted time determined placement. Scenario tasks used their own point and autonomy multipliers. These incentives rewarded less operator input, but they did not make a remote run, an autonomous run, a football match, and a medicine-sorting task measurements of the same capability.^[2]

This distinction matters when interpreting video from the event. A robot following an operator in a distance race could be complying with that event's rules, while a dance routine or football match might require a different control mode. Teleoperation was not evidence that the event had no autonomous component, and an autonomous entry in one contest did not establish autonomous performance in every other task.^[2]

Selected results

The Games published 26 gold medals, but a complete medal table is not reconstructed here from scattered reports. The following results are limited to events for which an identified results or institutional source was available.^[5]

The times and scores are event results under the 2025 rules. They are not directly comparable with human sports records or with robot results produced under other course layouts, remote-control rules, morphology limits, or scoring coefficients.^[2]

Observed limitations

AP's closing photo report documented robots falling, crashing, and requiring technicians to lift, separate, or carry them. Batteries were replaced and limbs adjusted during the competition. Some robots recovered on their own, while others needed direct assistance. These observations exposed failure modes that polished demonstrations may omit, including balance loss, thermal or power limits, repair needs, and dependence on operators.^[4]

The same evidence also limits a simple failure narrative. Robots completed races, scored goals, performed routines, and returned after repairs. Reuters reported participation by both university and enterprise teams and described scenario tasks such as medicine sorting, material handling, and cleaning alongside sports. The event functioned as a public stress setting, but it did not supply standardized field-reliability data, a service-life test, or an independent safety certification.^[4][6]

Second edition in 2026

Scale and program status

The second edition opened at the National Speed Skating Oval on Aug. 22, 2026, and concluded there on Aug. 26.^[27] Organizers had registered 666 teams and 2,056 robots from 16 countries. An Aug. 14 registration report said that 157 companies and 200 universities or research institutes accounted for 641 domestic teams and 1,975 robots. Those figures describe registration and should not be read as a count of entrants that started or completed competition.^{[12][13][21][22][23]}

The published program contained 51 events and 1,301 scheduled competitions across nine competition sessions, with the events divided into 30 competitive and 21 scenario-based categories.^[14][21][22] The official rule material appeared in batches. An April first batch set out 26 competitive events, while a June second batch defined 21 scenario events and added rules for table tennis and two free-combat weight classes. A June 12 briefing had called a 50-event program complete; the Reuters interview on Aug. 14 supplied the later 51-event count. The committee retained authority to adjust the program, so the later overview is the appropriate top-level count and the PDFs are detailed rule snapshots. Their line items should not be silently added as if each document were a final independent schedule.^{[14][15][16][20]}

At the Aug. 26 conclusion, a Beijing municipal report said all 1,301 contests had finished.^[31] The closing record confirms completion of the scheduled program, but it does not supply a verified count of distinct robots or teams that started or finished. The registered-field figures therefore remain labeled as registrations.^{[12][13][21][22][23]}

Opening night

The Games opened on the evening of Aug. 22 with a ceremony and a series of joint human-robot demonstrations. Global Times described tennis, table tennis, and football segments as demonstrations involving human athletes and robots. Its opening report did not publish a score or bracket for the tennis segment, so the appearance is not treated here as a scored doubles match or a separate competition event.^[22][23][24]

During the opening program, Reuters video showed the arena board classifying a 9.39-second run as heat 9 of the 100 m preliminary for the large-size class. Xinhua and AP corroborated the elapsed time, while Global Times attributed the machine to X-Humanoid's Tien Kung Ultra. The 9.39-second figure was a preliminary robot result, not a final, and the sources specific to the heat did not establish its control mode.^{[22][23][24][25]}

The robot's time of 9.39 seconds was numerically 0.19 seconds lower than Usain Bolt's 9.58 seconds, which World Athletics continued to list as the men's 100 m world record. The robot time came from a different competition category under the Games' rules. It was not a World Athletics-ratified human record or a joint human-and-robot world record, so the comparison is cross-category rather than a shared athletics record.^{[22][23][25][26]}

Conclusion and selected final results

The second Games concluded on Aug. 26 after five days of competition. Beijing's official English-language conclusion report published four selected track finals. Tiangong Omni won the small-size 400 m in 45.66 seconds, Tianzhuo Team won the 1500 m in 2 minutes 21.64 seconds, Tianjiao Team won the large-size 100 m in 8.64 seconds, and Tianxiao Team won the small-size 100 m in 11.98 seconds.^[27] AP independently corroborated the 8.64-second final and identified the winning model as Tiangong Ultra.^[28]

These were robot-competition results under the Games' class and event rules. Although some times were numerically lower than cited human records, they did not replace human world records or receive World Athletics ratification. Differences in morphology, control conditions, course administration, and event governance prevent treating the figures as one athletics record system.^{[15][20][26][27]}

AP reported that several 100 m finalists, including the winner, struck a padded barrier after the finish. Some emitted sparks and received fire-extinguisher intervention before being carried away.^[28] The timed result documents sprint performance under the event rules, but it does not establish controlled stopping, sustained reliability, or readiness for unsupervised commercial operation.

Official closing coverage also described outcomes from the scenario program. In General Service, many robots autonomously arranged nameplates, printed documents, and shredded paper. The Smart Charging Service task required a robot to unplug, use, and return charging connectors for three vehicles within 30 minutes.^[27] These examples document performance and task design within controlled events, not general household or industrial autonomy.

Eight dexterous-hand events produced separate champions. Beijing municipal science reporting said fully autonomous teams won four of them: power-tool assembly, powder weighing, block building, and bean picking with tweezers. The same report attributed seven of the eight event wins, all except power-tool assembly, to Shanghai Linjie Dian Innovation Intelligent Technology, described as an AgiBot dexterous-hand subsidiary.^[29]

AgiBot separately reported that its entries earned 18 gold, 16 silver, and 12 bronze medals, 46 in total, and placed first in both golds and total medals in the company's accounting.^[30] An organizer-issued complete medal table was not identified in the sources reviewed for this update, so those totals are attributed to AgiBot rather than presented as independently or organizer-certified. They also combine results across different robot types and events and do not constitute a single score for autonomy or commercial readiness.

Competitive-event autonomy and safety

The April first-batch rules grouped 26 competitive events across athletics, football, gymnastics, weightlifting, street dance, dancesport, cheerleading, wushu, tug of war, and pitch-pot categories. The two 100 m classes allowed only fully autonomous operation. Several longer races, including 400 m, 1500 m, relay, and obstacle events, allowed either full autonomy or remote operation; remote-control times were multiplied by 1.2 while autonomous times used a coefficient of 1.0. Football and several judged or head-to-head events were marked as fully autonomous in the table.^[15]

Those April provisions were not the final control rules. At a June 12 briefing, organizers said the 400 m, 1500 m, and 4 x 100 m relay had been upgraded to fully autonomous operation. They also said that control-mode coefficients had been removed from the obstacle races.^[20]

Teams were responsible for the safety of their robots and for harm to people, facilities, and the venue. A robot needed a visible emergency-stop button or another effective emergency measure, and the organizer could disqualify an entry. The rulebook also imposed a 30-minute appeal window and an RMB 1,000 appeal fee. These are competition controls, not a product-safety standard or regulatory approval.^[15]

Scenario and dexterity events

The June rule batch divided 21 scenario events into 12 work-task events, eight dexterous-hand events, and one combined pentathlon. Work tasks modeled retail service, food preparation and sales, industrial assembly feeding, packing and warehousing, emergency response, office service, household service, firefighting and rescue, hotel guest service, library organization, park management, and electric-vehicle charging. The dexterity events tested power-tool assembly, weighing powder, building with blocks, hammering a nail, opening a bottle or lid, unpacking, moving beans with tweezers, and connecting a cable.^[16]

The work-task rules accepted legged, wheeled, or tracked lower bodies. Teams could choose full autonomy or wireless remote control, including semiautonomous operation. For most of these tasks, autonomous operation used a coefficient of 1.0 and remote operation 0.5. Some events used controlled spaces at the Oval, while others used specialized or real sites. The firefighting-and-rescue rule, for example, named a Beijing firefighting logistics facility.^[16]

These settings tested perception, computer vision, manipulation, navigation, and whole-body coordination in combinations chosen by each event. They did not isolate one algorithm at a time, and task success could reflect hardware, operator skill, control software, object design, networking, and repair procedure as well as an embodied AI model.^[15][16]

Relation to robot competitions and benchmarking

The World Humanoid Robot Games did not begin humanoid-robot competition. The RoboCup Humanoid League held its first competition in 2002. RoboCup's official history says its early field included remote-controlled and externally powered robots, but by 2004 all league robots operated fully autonomously with onboard processing. Its rules then evolved around autonomous football and technical challenges.^[17]

Academic literature explains why such events can still be useful research instruments. Sven Behnke argued in 2006 that a competition creates a common task at a common place and time, makes systems from different groups visible together, and encourages exchange among researchers. He also treated rule and task design as a central difficulty rather than assuming that any competition automatically becomes a good benchmark.^[18]

A 2015 review by Reinhard Gerndt and colleagues describes the RoboCup Humanoid League as a benchmark for autonomous humanoid soccer and traces its long-term goal of playing the human world champion by 2050. That narrower lineage provides context for the Games' football events without validating the Games' other races, performances, or workplace tasks.^[19]

The Games can therefore be described as a collection of shared test settings, not one controlled scientific leaderboard. They reveal public failures, create common event rules, and permit within-event comparison. Across events, however, robot morphology, control mode, autonomy coefficient, task objective, scoring rule, and human intervention change. A medal supports performance under one event's rules; it does not establish an overall ranking of artificial intelligence, autonomy, or general-purpose robot ability.^{[2][15][16][18]}

Federation announcement

At the 2025 closing ceremony, organizers announced the formation of the World Humanoid Robotics Games Federation, abbreviated WHRGF. The closing account named the World Robot Cooperation Organization, Global Digital Economy Cities Alliance, RoboCup Asia-Pacific Confederation board, and Chinese Institute of Electronics as initiating organizations. Its stated goals included organizing the competition, supporting technical exchange, and promoting competition, safety, and performance standards.^[5]

The cited record establishes an announcement and a set of stated aims. It does not by itself establish legal incorporation, membership rules, independent accreditation, or adoption of WHRGF standards by regulators and standards bodies. Those questions require separate evidence.^[5]

Evidence limits

Official documents were published at different points in event preparation. The 2025 first-batch rules listed 18 events before the final total reached 26. The 2026 first and second rule batches preceded the organizer's 51-event overview. Counts should always be attached to their date and unit rather than combined into a reconstructed schedule.^{[2][5][14][15][16]}

Control mode is another hard boundary, and the 2026 track rules changed between the April rulebook and the June briefing. Some contests required full autonomy, some accepted remote control, and some adjusted a time or score to reward autonomous operation. Scenario rules also accepted lower bodies that were not bipedal. Describing every entrant as an autonomous biped would be false.^{[2][15][16][20]}

Finally, claims that the Games were the first robot competition or that a result measured general intelligence are not supported. Organizers promoted a narrower comprehensive sports, arts, and applications format, while RoboCup had operated a Humanoid League since 2002. The article uses the event's documented scope and leaves broader priority and capability claims out.^[1][17][19]

See also

• Robot learning
• Reinforcement learning
• Sim-to-real transfer

References

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2. ^1 ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5 ^6 ^7 ^8 ^9 ^10 ^11 ^12World Humanoid Robot Games Organizing Committee. "About the 2025 World Humanoid Robot Games: Competition Rules, First Batch" [in Chinese]. July 7, 2025. whrgoc.com/...1753067255047059923.pdf
3. ^Associated Press. "Beijing's first World Humanoid Robot Games open with hip-hop and martial arts." Aug. 14, 2025. apnews.com/...f0bdd670fae9904aea2c4df398cdcb1a
4. ^1 ^2 ^3Associated Press. "Photos of Beijing's World Humanoid Robot Games show how a human touch is still needed." Aug. 17, 2025. apnews.com/...-ai-98acfd5ca24cd5fe331af8a7ab51ddec
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